Integration of Technology in Higher Education

Integration of Technology in higher(prenominal) Education topThe authorizations of diligent tele border set engineering argon huge and it has opened possibilities and avenues for enhancing noesis communion activities among schoolmans in Institutions of high instruction (IHLs). However, it was found that thither was lack of academic question on the occasion of energetic earpiece technologies for familiarity sharing purposes in IHLs. In IHLs, technologies of brisk visits such as cell borders, smart recollects, and personal organizers provided with fire features like camera, mental picture, memory, player of MP3, net profit approach and fin in ally, presence in a twist, by al secondarying piece of workplace anywhere, anytime. This paper aimed to understand academics world-wide attitudes towards the recitation of officious mobilise engineering science in IHLs, to search the academics perceived gain to use fluent retrieve technology in IHLs, to determine academics perceived tranquility of use of brisk ph whizz technology in IHLs, to understand academics behavioral excogitation to use supple band technology in IHLs, to identify how allow nomadic resound technologies diverge the work authority of academics, and to identify the possible services that, in their opinion, mass improve spry sound technology and knowledge sharing among academics in IHLs. The overall findings revealed that there were at least four factors could lead to the adoption of vigorous phone technology among academics in an Institution of higher(prenominal) eruditeness. These factors were attitudes towards the use of quick phone technology, perceived service to use smooth phone technology, perceived backup of use of busy phone technology, and behavioral intention to use officious phone technology.Keywords busy mobilise Technology, Institutions of higher(prenominal) Learning, Academics1.0 IntroductionIn recent years, information technology (IT) usage in universities and colleges is by and large increasing for the purposes of enhancing the administration and inform and learning efficiencies. As the macrocosm of campuses raises, so does the improvement of technologies. In Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs), technologies of sprightly phones such as cell phones, smart phones, organizers and telephone provided with elicit features like camera, video, memory, player of MP3, net approach and finally, presence in a invention, by allowing study anywhere, anytime (Wilen-Daugenti, 2007).Junior et al. (2008) defined mobile technologies as mobile technologies be exactly what its name keys, i.e., movable technology that cease be moved from one place to an hot(prenominal) without any loss. There ar several advantages of mobile technologies. Few of them atomic number 18 the independence in learning at anywhere and anytime, faster and convenient communicating as well as rapid annoy to variety of different sources. Mor eover, the humans power to get hold of unthinkable experiments in authentic way is truly pleasant. It is safe to experiment with them because the error will scarce involve in simulation environs (Smidts et al., 2008).According to Naismith et al. (2005), mobile technologies are becoming much embedded, ubiquitous and networked, with enhanced capabilities for rich social interactions, context awareness and net connectivity (p.6). Additionally, Anderson and Rainie (2008) concluded that the mobile phone technologies will be the some fundamental and compulsory connection device to the internet for everyone in 2020.2.0 energetic call in Technologies in IHLsAcademics find mobile phone technologies as their big savior when comes to managing the operative tasks. Plenty of important features such as make do books, devices of storage of file, cameras, recorder of video and internet added to the working flexibility in IHLs. Todays mobile phones are as influential as estimators. A ccording to Nokia (2007), Its what computers assume become. Its sum up to ubiquity is explained as a stealthy nevertheless(prenominal)(prenominal) rapid shift from a telephony device towards a por fudge, personal media hub that alters an increasing vagabond of personalized and customized communication, entertainment, birth trouble and service functions. Its reach is pervasively global and trans-cultural, possibly more so than any other media form including the internet and World Wide network (Cameron, 2006).Nowadays, it is impossible to resist mobile phone. apiece and every aspects of life charter the importance of mobile device. As the international barriers are getting smaller due to globalization, the read of communication is inevitable. Consequently, mobile phone is becoming more and more compulsory and necessary to have. All walks of life celebrate the use of mobile phone technologies, so does the academics.Undeniably, there are countless of activities for two acade mics and students provided by mobile phone technologies such as uploading and downloading of songs, movies and videos to cell phone, MP3 player, iPod, lanceing and receiving emails, instant messages (IMs), short text messages (SMS), commutering files, photos or other entropy , synergistic games, searching for information or services on the web, making video calls, personal organizer (e.g. diary, address book), in-class surveys/questions, in-class media sharing, attendance monitor, far-flung privileges of library, ally locator, free or inexpensive VoIP phone as well as notification of the security.Academics who have experienced dealing with mobile technologies in working possess several reasons to bide using them. Firstly, to be able to communicate with other people, to seek information, to take pictures and shit clips and sharing with others is what most people have become utilize to (Smidts et al., 2008). The followers studies have examined round of the activities of th e mobile phone in the IHLs.Corbeil and Valdes-Corbeil (2007) have explored mobile phone activities engaged in by academics and students in their study. According to their findings, these technologies scum bag be applied in numerous activities such as uploading and downloading songs/movies/video clips, sending and receiving e-mail, Instant Messages (IMs), Short Text Messages (SMS), transferring files, photos or other data playing the interactive games, transferring photos or other data, downloading Podcasts of appropriate instructive worldly along with audio and video lectures, reading e-books, reconsidering coursework and getting ready in exams, showing their jobs and sharing visualize results, providing visual, adding a microphone to their mobile to capture material for educational use, using an MP3 player to download and keep downen to Podcasts and audio lectures, and reconsidering the material of courses and studying for exams, audio books and, with close to devices as wel l as the most widely use nowadays which is transcription lectures.Furthermore, findings from studies conducted by Whilst Kennedy et al. (2008a) and Kennedy et al. (2008b), mobile phone technologies allowed users to conduct 9 activities in Institutions of Higher learning as the followingTo send pictures or movies to colleagues.To use mobile phone as MP3 player.To glide path information or services on the web.To proclivity video calls.To take digital photos or movies.To send or engender email.To use mobile phone as a personal organizer (e.g. diary, address book).To send or cope with SMS to colleagues.To call the colleagues or others.Besides, according to studies done by Wilen-Daugenti and McKee (2008), mobile phone technologies could be used for many applications for academics and students in some(prenominal) inside and outside the IHLs as example field belowIn-Class Surveys/Questions Students may submit the answers to questions or surveys given by an academic through their mob ile phones.In-Class Media allot-out During lectures, students are able to share interest pictures or videos to their friends by emailing the files to the lecture halls projector.Attendance Monitor An academic may demand students to do a virtual(prenominal) roll call by transmitting a message from their mobile phones.Course Materials During lecture, an academic clear directly send the course materials to students phones.Remote depository library Privileges The private privileges of library are also granted to students who target use their mobile phones to search articles without need to use a proxy server accomplice Locator Based on networks accuracy, peers may be alerted when their contacts are close by the mobile phones. Free or sleazy VoIP Calling Universities may twist cheaper international or local calls made within the campus for students who might really need to do so.Position System By sharing information contextual slightly the users actual place, mobile phone serves as a guide of virtual turn which assists the presence of students around the campus. tattle of the Security / Emergency Depending on the users location, a warning notice is sent immediately to every mobile phone via email and component partmail, by informing the silk hat way to leave the campus or a particular building in case of emergency.Moreover, a study carried out by Duke University (2005) has outlined the major categories of mobile devices employment by the academics as followsThe Instrument of Broadcasting of Lesson Contents- unsettled phone provides access to lessons case such as lectures, songs, historical speeches, conferences and meetings.Tool of Classroom preserve mobile phone offer be used as a tool to capture lectures, class discussions and feedbacks.Tool of Supporting Study mobile phone allows academics for repetition of commercial and schoolmaster audio content, such as music and audio books.Transfer and File Storage mobile phone is able to transfer or back up all sorts of files.Digital Portal Both academics and students may no longer depend on physical materials.Flexible lieu mobile phone provides accessing of digital materials at anywhere and anytime which also contributes to a decreased dependency of library.Digital Recording mobile phone allows convenient digital recording of inter postures, field notes, small concourse discussions and oral assignments.Convenient Tool mobile phone makes students engagement in class discussions, labs, field research, and independent plans much easier. modify Support for Personality experience Preferences and NeedsIn addition, Duke University (2008) has widened their outlines as followsText Messaging University may send text messages to students to notify them astir(predicate) examination dates for instance.Flexible, livery of smooth Content students are able to access classes by using their mobile phones in distance learning.Practice Exercises for Study and Review students may be able to reexamine the materials or quizzes created by the academics in anytime and anywhere. officious Creation and Media Publication students could use their mobile phones to capture images or videos and share them with the entire world by uploading them directly into the Internet. kindly Learning in Mobile Network Facebook, Friendster, and other social networking tools allow users to share their life updates. Students get to interact with the members of a study group crosswise the world. Gaming and Simulations mobile phone is equipped with a feature to keep the academics and students in the games of simulation.Use of Mobile scream Technologies in the Classroom students can lead answers out of multiple choice questions created by the academics in the classroom.Subsequently, Abilene Christian University (2008) superlativeed out that mobile phone technologies possess many interesting benefits and have become a standard tool in IHLs. Some of the benefits are summarized as followsDigital Sy llabus dynamic changes of an individual, the activities of a student or status are allowedClicker real time dynamic class polling or free-form answers are allowedClassroom Communicator an improved flexibility in classes content and release is allowedDocument subscriber an e-BookInternet Communicator the aggregation of content on the sites of class is facilitatedAlert System a receiving automated information of coursesNotes Taker recording aggregation device for audio recordings is allowedLocation Reporter a college pace map with active location is reported when neededAttendance Tool dynamic comment about a users military strength anywhere anytime is given work Purposes wireless communication for bill paying, ticket-buying and bookstore buying or any business related matters are enabledRegistrars Office indication lightsome course employment, communication with academic records, and dynamic scoring access are made easierBesides, benefits proposed by Cisco (2008) of a mobile syst em final result for colleges and universities are as follows a) easy and convenient communication mingled with academics and students, b) a study is developed beyond a class, by becoming more in collaboration, interactive and dynamic, c) both parties may seek new opportunities to connect resources and training, and d) academics can use context of a study based on interactive mood in managing the approach for students daily.Additionally, by using mobile phone technologies, Lefoe and Olney (2007) and Lefoe et al. (2008) reconsidered academics activities by in IHLs as follows a) making interview with visiting loudspeakers and return it back to the speaker for editing, d) audio comments, c) setting up mobile phone as database for others to use, d) recording interviews for re-evaluating of issues, e) collecting of thoughtful obviousness of the own teaching of academician to plan for future teaching, f) preparing and carrying the necessary articles needed, g) tutorial roles, h) easie r sharing of information to students.Apart from that, Nie (2006) pointed out the effectiveness use of mobile technologies in IHLs as followsRecorder students may record their works, interviews, presentations and lectures. auditory sensation students get to discover to certain audio materials such as interview, audio book, music, speech and vocabulary.Multimedia students can access multimedia materials such as film, picture, snap, visual vocabulary etc.Pre-class Resources academics can create pre-class listening resources containing academic news, review of papers and journal articles, week activities, comments on assignment, etc.Podcasting allows students to share their own ideas with others.Moreover, Jocelyn et al. (2008) condemned that mobile phone technologies possess many interesting benefits in IHLs as follows a) academics can access the internet in any time and at any where, b) PDAs enable flexible and timely access to e-learning resources which would lead to empowerment an d effective learning, c) academics are enabled to access training resources any time, anywhere, d) academics may hold question and answer sessions via conferences, seminars, workshops, and e) both academics and students can get a real opportunity to make a link between field and college.Finally, BlackBerry (2006) concluded that there are potential benefits of providing mobile access to some applications used by the colleges different departments such as a) academics may stay in touch and schedule appointments on-the-road, b) healthy data security and remote device management, c) very useful for emergency communications during university trips and d) remote network maintenance via web interface.3.0 Mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in IHLsThe writings evidenced that mobile phone technologies playing important role in Institutions of Higher Learning. Mobile technologies have opened the admission to possibilities and avenues for knowledge sharing by provi ding a new platform via wireless communication or other ICT applications. Mobile technology may enhance academics functionalities in Institutions of Higher Learning by supporting Externalization and Combination activities. Subsequently, mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in Institutions of Higher Learning could be demonstrated as followsAcademics can send and receive short text messages (SMS) from each other. The great advantage of using SMS is that it offers just-in-time informationAcademics can send and receive instant messages (IMs) from each other. Mobile phone offers a way to send instant messages at a much lower cost than traditional SMS messaging. Messages are sent and received by the use of the Internet kernel that the cost of messages depends only on the quantity of data sentAcademics can send and receive e-mail from each other. Mobile phone offers a way to send to receive emails E-mails are sent and received by the use of the Internet means that the cost of mail depends only on the quantity of data sentAcademics can share administrative information with colleague. Mobile phone technologies enhance communications among academics on campus. Through mobile devices, academics can receive administrative information such as announcements and urgent messages from faculty or universityAcademics can share and listen to Podcasts/audio books with colleagueAcademics can share downloads and view streaming movies/video clipsMobile phone technology can be used as peer locators, alerting academics when their contacts are nearby.Mobile phone technology represents a classroom communicator that enables increased flexibility in course content and delivery among academics. Academics can create pre-class listening resources containing academic news, review of papers and journal articles, week activities, comments on assignment, etcAcademics can create memos which can be sent to colleague from mobile or saved onto his/her office computerAcademic s have ability to read work related documents via PDF, HTML, and Microsoft Office filesAcademics can record conferences, seminars, workshops, symposiums , interviews, lectures and sent it to his/her colleague through mobile deviceAcademics can share e-books, journals, or other academic materialsAcademics can publish e-books and e-papersUniversity can set up mobile phone technologies as database for academics to download documents, applications and university rolesAcademics can share with colleagues research findingsAcademics can use the micro web browser for conducting quick research onlineAcademics can stay connected to social networking sites in mobile environmentAcademics can use a mobile phone technology to send pictures or movies to each other.Mobile technology provides an opportunity for the new generation of people with smash communication and activities without taking into account the place and time. This surgical incision has outlined the potential use of mobile phone tech nologies among academics in IHLs. The benefits of mobile phone technologies have been broadly discussed in general. Additionally, this section has evidenced most studies related to the benefits of mobile phones usage among students. Ultimately, this section shows that there are a some studies to examine the benefits of the mobile phone technologies among academics.Despite the advantages of mobile phone technology are clear, only a small number of Institutions of Higher Learning are equipped with integrated mobile phone technologies in their environments (Joan John, 2007 Kim et al., 2006 New Media Consortium, 2007). Figueira (2007) pointed that as of August 2007, however, there are no universities or degree awarding programs with a website designed for downloading on a mobile device (p.1). Sufficient technological means to access mobile devices are not widely used by the academics in Institutions of Higher Learning (Junior et al., 2008). In 2007, Peters conducted a research to 29 m anufacturers of mobile devices, businesses and education suppliers and found that mobile phone technologies are in general used in some commercial organizations, but found limited adoption for Institutions of higher learning use.The purpose of this study is to understand academics general attitudes towards the use of mobile phone technology in IHLs, to explore the academics perceived usefulness to use mobile phone technology in IHLs, to determine academics perceived ease of use of mobile phone technology in IHLs, to understand academics behavioral intention to use mobile phone technology in IHLs, to identify how will mobile phone technologies change the work situation of academics, and to identify the possible services that, in their opinion, can improve mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in IHLs.4.0 look MethodologyBoth primary and secondary data were collected for this research. The primary data was collected by distributing questionnaires to the academ ics in University Utara Malaysia (UUM). UUM is a public Institution of Higher Learning located n the northern region of Malaysia. The sample of this study was the academics that come from Public Institution of Higher Learning (PIHL). Those academics are different in terms of their academic designation Tutor, Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor, and Professor. A total of 290 questionnaires were distributed to all academics in UUM. The sampling was based on convenience and 153 participants successfully responded, better-looking a response rate of 52.7 %. The analysis of the survey results is presented based on a valid response of 153 academics of University Utara Malaysia.Data solicitation for this study was undertaken during the month of whitethorn 2009. In gathering information pertaining to the study a questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection in this study. a questionnaire was prepared carve up into seven sections as follows constituent 1 was not containing any personally identifiable questions. The demographic and scope variables used in this study are gender, status, age, designation, availableness of devices, period of time in using device, academics opinion about devices price, academics opinion about devices, usefulness and effectiveness role in the work, connecting to internet through device, and academics preferences for mobile phone functions. This section was adapted from Avenoglu (2005) and Trifonova (2006). division 2 contains questions that targeted at attitudes towards the use of mobile phone technology in Institutions of Higher Leaning. The respondents were given a list of six items to treasure their opinions and attitudes to use mobile phone technology. Questions were adapted from Kurnia et al. (2008) and Avenoglu (2005). variance 3 contains questions concerning the perceived usefulness to use mobile phone technology. Five items were used to measure the respondents perception toward the usefulness to use mobile phone technology. Questions were adapted from Kurnia et al. (2008) and Trifonova (2006). Section 4 contains questions that targeted at the perceived ease of use of mobile phone technology. Three items were used to measure the respondents perception that used mobile phone technology and found it easy to use. Questions were adapted from Kurnia et al. (2008) and Trifonova (2006). Section 5 contains questions about behavioral intention to use mobile phone technology in Institutions of Higher Leaning. Four items were used to measure behavioral intention of the respondents towards using of mobile phone technology. Questions were adapted form Kurnia et al. (2008). Section 6 contains questions that are related to how can mobile phone technology change the work situation of academics in Institutions of Higher Leaning. Ten items were used to measure the respondents opinions about how can mobile phone technology increases the flexibility and the ability to work on the move. Question s were adapted form tint et al. (2003). Section 7 contains statements that targeted to mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in Institutions of Higher Learning. The respondents were given a list of eighteen statements to assess their opinions and potential use of mobile phone technology for knowledge sharing among academics in Institution of Higher Learning. All Questions in this section were chosen from the interview with academics. A five point Likert scale type was used in this study and the academics were required to state the extent to which statements in their point of view were important or not important for them as academics. The Scale was (SD= Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Neutral, A = Agree, and SA = Strongly Agree).In this study, the questionnaire was pilot tested with 30 UUM academic staff. The table 1 shows the Cronbachs alpha coefficient for section 2, section 3, section 4, section 5, section 6 and section 7.Table 1 dependableness Cronb achs Alpha () for Questionnaires Six SectionsThe detailCronbachsAlpha ()Reliability ResultsSection 20.891GoodSection 30.840GoodSection 40.820GoodSection 50.805GoodSection 60.894GoodSection 70.883Good5.0 Data Analysis and Results5.1 Respondents indite and Background InformationBased on the demographics and other personal background information obtained, out of 153 respondents 61.0 % were females. The most of the respondents were married 74 %. 36.4 % of the respondents were 41 to 50 years old and 30.5 % were 31 to 40 years old. Most of the respondents were Lecturers position 39.0 %, following by Senior Lecturers 26.0 %, Tutor 18.2 %, and Associate Professor 16.9 %. Table 2 below gives respondents demographic profileTable 2 Respondents Demographic ProfileRespondentsProfileClassificationFrequency%GenderMale6039Female9461StatusMarried11474Unmarried4026Age20-303321.431-404730.541-505636.4Above 501811.7DesignationTutor2818.2Lecturer6039.0Senior Lecturer4026.0Associate Professor2616.95.1. 2 Availability of DevicesThe study (refer to 1) shows that 98 % of academics had stall phone, 36 % PDA, 10 % orthogonal phone, and 2 % take PC. The study also shows that there were more that 40 % of academics had more that one device, for instance, 33 % of academics had Cell phone and PDA device, 9 % of academics had Cell phone and bracing phone, and 3 % of academics had Cell phone, chicness phone and PDA in one time.5.1.3 Period in Using DeviceThe study (refer to 2) shows that 50.6 % of academics had Cell phone for more than 8 years, 30 % had Cell phone between 6 to 8 years, 13.6 % had Cell phone between 3 to 5 years, and 0.6 % had Cell phone less than one year. As well, it shows that 2.6 % of academics had Smart phone between 3 to 5 years, 5.2 % had Smart phone between 1 to 2 years, 2.0 % of academics had Smart phone less than one year. In addition, it shows that 3.2. % of academics had PDA device between 6 to 8 years, 7.1 % of academics had PDA device between 3 to 5 years, 1 9.4 % had PDA device between 1 to 2 years, and 6.5 % of academics had PDA device less than one year. Finally, only three participants 2.0 % had Pocket PC between 1 to 2 years.5.1.4 Opinion about the PriceIn view of academics opinion about prices of devices, the general opinion was that Cell phones had reasonable price, were 77.8 % favored that Cell phone had normal price and 22.8 % refer that Cell phone had low price. In addition, Smart phone, PDAs, and Pocket PC were considered costly price (for Smart phone 58.44 %, for PDAs 61.04 %, and for Pocket PC 64.94 %). Furthermore, a hardly a(prenominal) academics had no opinion on the prices for smart phones, PDAs, and Pocket PC (for Smart phones 4 %, PDAs 5.19 %, and Pocket PC 2.60 %). 3 and shows the academics opinion about devices prices.5.1.5 The Usefulness and intensity level Role of Mobile Phone Technologies in the WorkThe study (refer to 4) shows that the majority of respondents 97.4 % considered that mobile devices can play a u seful and effective role in their daily work. While 0.6 % considered that mobile devices cannot play a useful and effective role in their daily work, and only 1.9 % were not sure about the usefulness and effectiveness of mobile device role in their work. These results indicate that academics had positive opinions regarding using mobile phone technologies in their work, and these results can support researchers opinion about the importance and usefulness of this study in IHLs environment, and to stand up to the factors that could help passing mobile phone technologies in IHLs.5.1.6 Connecting to Internet though Mobile Phone Technologies5 shows that the majority of respondents 75.3 % were connecting to internet though mobile phone technologies, and only 24.7 % were not connecting to internet through mobile phone technologies. As evidenced by various studies mentioned above, mobile phone technologies give opportunity to academics to connect to internet and to the world any time anywher e. In addition, mobile phone technologies could able to increase the range of personalized and customized communication, entertainment, relationship management and service function5.1.7 Academics Preferences of Mobile Phone FunctionsThe academics in this section were given a list of fifteen mobile phone functions and they had to choose one or more of these functions. The results are shown in table 3. Today mobile phone technologies provide a wide range of services. Among these services, a researcher can demonstrate browsing the Web, MMS, games, alarm/ proctor, calling, listening to music, voice recorder, chatting, calendar, camera, phone book, SMS, sending e-mail, dictionary, audio file storage.According to the findings, 100 % of respondents preferred that the function of calling was the most important function, where 98 % preferred that the second important function was SMS. In addition, the findings show that the respondents who choose calendar were 79 %, camera 77 %, alarm/ varan 75 %, phone book 70 %, listening to music 61 %, browsing the Web 53 %, games and sending e-mail 42 %, MMS 41 %, voice recorder 38%, dictionary and audio file storage 29%, and chatting 21 %.Table 3 Academics Preference of Mobile Phone FunctionsNo.Mobile Phone Functions%1Calling100%2SMS98%3Calendar79%4Camera77%5Alarm/reminder75%6Phone book70%7Listening to music61%8Browsing the Web53%9Games42%10Sending e-mail42%11MMS41%12Voice recorder38%13mental lexicon29%14 sound recording file storage29%15Chatting21%5.2 Attitudes towards the Use of Mobile Phone Technology in IHLsThe respondents were given a list of six items to assess their opinions and attitudes toward using mobile phone tecIntegration of Technology in Higher EducationIntegration of Technology in Higher EducationAbstractThe potentials of mobile phone technology are huge and it has opened possibilities and avenues for enhancing knowledge sharing activities among academics in Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs). However, it was f ound that there was lack of academic research on the use of mobile phone technologies for knowledge sharing purposes in IHLs. In IHLs, technologies of mobile phones such as cell phones, smart phones, and PDAs provided with interesting features like camera, video, memory, player of MP3, internet approach and finally, presence in a device, by allowing study anywhere, anytime. This paper aimed to understand academics general attitudes towards the use of mobile phone technology in IHLs, to explore the academics perceived usefulness to use mobile phone technology in IHLs, to determine academics perceived ease of use of mobile phone technology in IHLs, to understand academics behavioral intention to use mobile phone technology in IHLs, to identify how will mobile phone technologies change the work situation of academics, and to identify the possible services that, in their opinion, can improve mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in IHLs. The overall findings reve aled that there were at least four factors could lead to the adoption of mobile phone technology among academics in an Institution of Higher Learning. These factors were attitudes towards the use of mobile phone technology, perceived usefulness to use mobile phone technology, perceived ease of use of mobile phone technology, and behavioral intention to use mobile phone technology.KeywordsMobile Phone Technology, Institutions of Higher Learning, Academics1.0 IntroductionIn recent years, information technology (IT) usage in universities and colleges is broadly increasing for the purposes of enhancing the administration and teaching and learning efficiencies. As the population of campuses raises, so does the improvement of technologies. In Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs), technologies of mobile phones such as cell phones, smart phones, PDAs and telephone provided with interesting features like camera, video, memory, player of MP3, internet approach and finally, presence in a dev ice, by allowing study anywhere, anytime (Wilen-Daugenti, 2007).Junior et al. (2008) defined mobile technologies as mobile technologies are exactly what its name refers, i.e., portable technology that can be moved from one place to another without any loss. There are several advantages of mobile technologies. Few of them are the independence in learning at anywhere and anytime, faster and convenient communication as well as rapid access to variety of different sources. Moreover, the ability to conduct impossible experiments in authentic way is truly pleasant. It is safe to experiment with them because the error will only affect in simulation environment (Smidts et al., 2008).According to Naismith et al. (2005), mobile technologies are becoming more embedded, ubiquitous and networked, with enhanced capabilities for rich social interactions, context awareness and internet connectivity (p.6). Additionally, Anderson and Rainie (2008) concluded that the mobile phone technologies will be the most fundamental and compulsory connection device to the internet for everyone in 2020.2.0 Mobile Phone Technologies in IHLsAcademics find mobile phone technologies as their big savior when comes to managing the working tasks. Plenty of important features such as address books, devices of storage of file, cameras, recorder of video and internet added to the working flexibility in IHLs. Todays mobile phones are as influential as computers. According to Nokia (2007), Its what computers have become. Its increase to ubiquity is explained as a stealthy but rapid shift from a telephony device towards a portable, personal media hub that enables an increasing range of personalized and customized communication, entertainment, relationship management and service functions. Its reach is pervasively global and trans-cultural, possibly more so than any other media form including the internet and World Wide Web (Cameron, 2006).Nowadays, it is impossible to resist mobile phone. Each and every aspects of life demand the importance of mobile device. As the international barriers are getting smaller due to globalization, the need of communication is inevitable. Consequently, mobile phone is becoming more and more compulsory and necessary to have. All walks of life celebrate the use of mobile phone technologies, so does the academics.Undeniably, there are myriad of activities for both academics and students provided by mobile phone technologies such as uploading and downloading of songs, movies and videos to cell phone, MP3 player, iPod, sending and receiving e-mails, instant messages (IMs), short text messages (SMS), transferring files, photos or other data , interactive games, searching for information or services on the web, making video calls, personal organizer (e.g. diary, address book), in-class surveys/questions, in-class media sharing, attendance monitor, distant privileges of library, peer locator, free or inexpensive VoIP phone as well as notification of the secur ity.Academics who have experienced dealing with mobile technologies in working possess several reasons to continue using them. Firstly, to be able to communicate with other people, to seek information, to take pictures and create clips and sharing with others is what most people have become used to (Smidts et al., 2008). The following studies have examined some of the activities of the mobile phone in the IHLs.Corbeil and Valdes-Corbeil (2007) have explored mobile phone activities engaged in by academics and students in their study. According to their findings, these technologies can be applied in many activities such as uploading and downloading songs/movies/video clips, sending and receiving e-mail, Instant Messages (IMs), Short Text Messages (SMS), transferring files, photos or other data playing the interactive games, transferring photos or other data, downloading Podcasts of appropriate instructive material along with audio and video lectures, reading e-books, reconsidering cou rsework and getting ready in exams, showing their jobs and sharing plan results, providing visual, adding a microphone to their mobile to capture material for educational use, using an MP3 player to download and listen to Podcasts and audio lectures, and reconsidering the material of courses and studying for exams, audio books and, with some devices as well as the most widely used nowadays which is recording lectures.Furthermore, findings from studies conducted by Whilst Kennedy et al. (2008a) and Kennedy et al. (2008b), mobile phone technologies allowed users to conduct 9 activities in Institutions of Higher learning as the followingTo send pictures or movies to colleagues.To use mobile phone as MP3 player.To access information or services on the web.To make video calls.To take digital photos or movies.To send or receive email.To use mobile phone as a personal organizer (e.g. diary, address book).To send or receive SMS to colleagues.To call the colleagues or others.Besides, accordi ng to studies done by Wilen-Daugenti and McKee (2008), mobile phone technologies could be used for many applications for academics and students in both inside and outside the IHLs as example field belowIn-Class Surveys/Questions Students may submit the answers to questions or surveys given by an academic through their mobile phones.In-Class Media Sharing During lectures, students are able to share interesting pictures or videos to their friends by emailing the files to the lecture halls projector.Attendance Monitor An academic may demand students to do a virtual roll call by transmitting a message from their mobile phones.Course Materials During lecture, an academic can directly send the course materials to students phones.Remote Library Privileges The private privileges of library are also granted to students who can use their mobile phones to search articles without need to use a proxy server Peer Locator Based on networks accuracy, peers may be alerted when their contacts are clo se by the mobile phones. Free or Inexpensive VoIP Calling Universities may offer cheaper international or local calls made within the campus for students who might really need to do so.Position System By sharing information contextual about the users actual place, mobile phone serves as a guide of virtual turn which assists the presence of students around the campus.Notification of the Security / Emergency Depending on the users location, a warning notice is sent immediately to every mobile phone via email and voicemail, by informing the best way to leave the campus or a particular building in case of emergency.Moreover, a study carried out by Duke University (2005) has outlined the major categories of mobile devices employment by the academics as followsThe Instrument of Broadcasting of Lesson Contents- Mobile phone provides access to lessons content such as lectures, songs, historical speeches, conferences and meetings.Tool of Classroom Recording mobile phone can be used as a too l to capture lectures, class discussions and feedbacks.Tool of Supporting Study mobile phone allows academics for repetition of commercial and original audio content, such as music and audio books.Transfer and File Storage mobile phone is able to transfer or backup all sorts of files.Digital Portal Both academics and students may no longer depend on physical materials.Flexible Location mobile phone provides accessing of digital materials at anywhere and anytime which also contributes to a decreased dependency of library.Digital Recording mobile phone allows convenient digital recording of interviews, field notes, small group discussions and oral assignments.Convenient Tool mobile phone makes students engagement in class discussions, labs, field research, and independent plans much easier. Improved Support for Personality Knowledge Preferences and NeedsIn addition, Duke University (2008) has widened their outlines as followsText Messaging University may send text messages to stu dents to notify them about examination dates for instance.Flexible, Delivery of Mobile Content students are able to access classes by using their mobile phones in distance learning.Practice Exercises for Study and Review students may be able to review the materials or quizzes created by the academics in anytime and anywhere.Mobile Creation and Media Publication students could use their mobile phones to capture images or videos and share them with the entire world by uploading them directly into the Internet.Social Learning in Mobile Network Facebook, Friendster, and other social networking tools allow users to share their life updates. Students get to interact with the members of a study group across the world. Gaming and Simulations mobile phone is equipped with a feature to keep the academics and students in the games of simulation.Use of Mobile Phone Technologies in the Classroom students can select answers out of multiple choice questions created by the academics in the classroo m.Subsequently, Abilene Christian University (2008) pointed out that mobile phone technologies possess many interesting benefits and have become a standard tool in IHLs. Some of the benefits are summarized as followsDigital Syllabus dynamic changes of an individual, the activities of a student or status are allowedClicker real-time dynamic class polling or free-form answers are allowedClassroom Communicator an improved flexibility in classes content and release is allowedDocument Reader an e-BookInternet Communicator the aggregation of content on the sites of class is facilitatedAlert System a receiving automated information of coursesNotes Taker recording aggregation device for audio recordings is allowedLocation Reporter a college grounds map with active location is reported when neededAttendance Tool dynamic comment about a users position anywhere anytime is givenBusiness Purposes wireless communication for bill paying, ticket-buying and bookstore buying or any business related m atters are enabledRegistrars Office Extension easy course employment, communication with academic records, and dynamic scoring access are made easierBesides, benefits proposed by Cisco (2008) of a mobile system solution for colleges and universities are as follows a) easy and convenient communication between academics and students, b) a study is developed beyond a class, by becoming more in collaboration, interactive and dynamic, c) both parties may seek new opportunities to connect resources and training, and d) academics can use context of a study based on interactive mode in managing the approach for students daily.Additionally, by using mobile phone technologies, Lefoe and Olney (2007) and Lefoe et al. (2008) reconsidered academics activities by in IHLs as follows a) making interview with visiting speakers and return it back to the speaker for editing, d) audio comments, c) setting up mobile phone as database for others to use, d) recording interviews for re-evaluating of issues , e) collecting of thoughtful obviousness of the own teaching of academician to plan for future teaching, f) preparing and carrying the necessary articles needed, g) tutorial roles, h) easier sharing of information to students.Apart from that, Nie (2006) pointed out the potential use of mobile technologies in IHLs as followsRecorder students may record their works, interviews, presentations and lectures.Audio students get to listen to genuine audio materials such as interview, audio book, music, speech and vocabulary.Multimedia students can access multimedia materials such as film, picture, snap, visual vocabulary etc.Pre-class Resources academics can create pre-class listening resources containing academic news, review of papers and journal articles, week activities, comments on assignment, etc.Podcasting allows students to share their own ideas with others.Moreover, Jocelyn et al. (2008) condemned that mobile phone technologies possess many interesting benefits in IHLs as follows a) academics can access the internet in any time and at any where, b) PDAs enable flexible and timely access to e-learning resources which would lead to empowerment and effective learning, c) academics are enabled to access training resources any time, anywhere, d) academics may hold question and answer sessions via conferences, seminars, workshops, and e) both academics and students can get a real opportunity to make a link between field and college.Finally, BlackBerry (2006) concluded that there are potential benefits of providing mobile access to few applications used by the colleges different departments such as a) academics may stay in touch and schedule appointments on-the-road, b) healthy data security and remote device management, c) very useful for emergency communications during university trips and d) remote network maintenance via web interface.3.0 Mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in IHLsThe literature evidenced that mobile phone technologies playing important role in Institutions of Higher Learning. Mobile technologies have opened the door to possibilities and avenues for knowledge sharing by providing a new platform via wireless communication or other ICT applications. Mobile technology may enhance academics functionalities in Institutions of Higher Learning by supporting Externalization and Combination activities. Subsequently, mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in Institutions of Higher Learning could be demonstrated as followsAcademics can send and receive short text messages (SMS) from each other. The great advantage of using SMS is that it offers just-in-time informationAcademics can send and receive instant messages (IMs) from each other. Mobile phone offers a way to send instant messages at a much lower cost than traditional SMS messaging. Messages are sent and received by the use of the Internet means that the cost of messages depends only on the quantity of data sentAcademics can se nd and receive e-mail from each other. Mobile phone offers a way to send to receive emails E-mails are sent and received by the use of the Internet means that the cost of mail depends only on the quantity of data sentAcademics can share administrative information with colleague. Mobile phone technologies enhance communications among academics on campus. Through mobile devices, academics can receive administrative information such as announcements and urgent messages from faculty or universityAcademics can share and listen to Podcasts/audio books with colleagueAcademics can share downloads and view streaming movies/video clipsMobile phone technology can be used as peer locators, alerting academics when their contacts are nearby.Mobile phone technology represents a classroom communicator that enables increased flexibility in course content and delivery among academics. Academics can create pre-class listening resources containing academic news, review of papers and journal articles, w eek activities, comments on assignment, etcAcademics can create memos which can be sent to colleague from mobile or saved onto his/her office computerAcademics have ability to read work related documents via PDF, HTML, and Microsoft Office filesAcademics can record conferences, seminars, workshops, symposiums , interviews, lectures and sent it to his/her colleague through mobile deviceAcademics can share e-books, journals, or other academic materialsAcademics can publish e-books and e-papersUniversity can set up mobile phone technologies as database for academics to download documents, applications and university rolesAcademics can share with colleagues research findingsAcademics can use the micro web browser for conducting quick research onlineAcademics can stay connected to social networking sites in mobile environmentAcademics can use a mobile phone technology to send pictures or movies to each other.Mobile technology provides an opportunity for the new generation of people with better communication and activities without taking into account the place and time. This section has outlined the potential use of mobile phone technologies among academics in IHLs. The benefits of mobile phone technologies have been broadly discussed in general. Additionally, this section has evidenced most studies related to the benefits of mobile phones usage among students. Ultimately, this section shows that there are a few studies to examine the benefits of the mobile phone technologies among academics.Despite the advantages of mobile phone technology are clear, only a small number of Institutions of Higher Learning are equipped with integrated mobile phone technologies in their environments (Joan John, 2007 Kim et al., 2006 New Media Consortium, 2007). Figueira (2007) pointed that as of August 2007, however, there are no universities or degree awarding programs with a website designed for downloading on a mobile device (p.1). Sufficient technological means to access mobile d evices are not widely used by the academics in Institutions of Higher Learning (Junior et al., 2008). In 2007, Peters conducted a research to 29 manufacturers of mobile devices, businesses and education suppliers and found that mobile phone technologies are in general used in some commercial organizations, but found limited adoption for Institutions of higher learning use.The purpose of this study is to understand academics general attitudes towards the use of mobile phone technology in IHLs, to explore the academics perceived usefulness to use mobile phone technology in IHLs, to determine academics perceived ease of use of mobile phone technology in IHLs, to understand academics behavioral intention to use mobile phone technology in IHLs, to identify how will mobile phone technologies change the work situation of academics, and to identify the possible services that, in their opinion, can improve mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in IHLs.4.0 Research Met hodologyBoth primary and secondary data were collected for this research. The primary data was collected by distributing questionnaires to the academics in University Utara Malaysia (UUM). UUM is a public Institution of Higher Learning located n the northern region of Malaysia. The sample of this study was the academics that come from Public Institution of Higher Learning (PIHL). Those academics are different in terms of their academic designation Tutor, Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor, and Professor. A total of 290 questionnaires were distributed to all academics in UUM. The sampling was based on convenience and 153 participants successfully responded, giving a response rate of 52.7 %. The analysis of the survey results is presented based on a valid response of 153 academics of University Utara Malaysia.Data collection for this study was undertaken during the month of May 2009. In gathering information pertaining to the study a questionnaire was used as the main inst rument for data collection in this study. a questionnaire was prepared divided into seven sections as follows Section 1 was not containing any personally identifiable questions. The demographic and background variables used in this study are gender, status, age, designation, availability of devices, period of time in using device, academics opinion about devices price, academics opinion about devices, usefulness and effectiveness role in the work, connecting to internet through device, and academics preferences for mobile phone functions. This section was adapted from Avenoglu (2005) and Trifonova (2006). Section 2 contains questions that targeted at attitudes towards the use of mobile phone technology in Institutions of Higher Leaning. The respondents were given a list of six items to assess their opinions and attitudes to use mobile phone technology. Questions were adapted from Kurnia et al. (2008) and Avenoglu (2005). Section 3 contains questions concerning the perceived usefulne ss to use mobile phone technology. Five items were used to measure the respondents perception toward the usefulness to use mobile phone technology. Questions were adapted from Kurnia et al. (2008) and Trifonova (2006). Section 4 contains questions that targeted at the perceived ease of use of mobile phone technology. Three items were used to measure the respondents perception that used mobile phone technology and found it easy to use. Questions were adapted from Kurnia et al. (2008) and Trifonova (2006). Section 5 contains questions about behavioral intention to use mobile phone technology in Institutions of Higher Leaning. Four items were used to measure behavioral intention of the respondents towards using of mobile phone technology. Questions were adapted form Kurnia et al. (2008). Section 6 contains questions that are related to how can mobile phone technology change the work situation of academics in Institutions of Higher Leaning. Ten items were used to measure the respondents opinions about how can mobile phone technology increases the flexibility and the ability to work on the move. Questions were adapted form Dye et al. (2003). Section 7 contains statements that targeted to mobile phone technology and knowledge sharing among academics in Institutions of Higher Learning. The respondents were given a list of eighteen statements to assess their opinions and potential use of mobile phone technology for knowledge sharing among academics in Institution of Higher Learning. All Questions in this section were chosen from the interview with academics. A five point Likert scale type was used in this study and the academics were required to state the extent to which statements in their point of view were important or not important for them as academics. The Scale was (SD= Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Neutral, A = Agree, and SA = Strongly Agree).In this study, the questionnaire was pilot tested with 30 UUM academic staff. The table 1 shows the Cronbachs al pha coefficient for section 2, section 3, section 4, section 5, section 6 and section 7.Table 1 Reliability Cronbachs Alpha () for Questionnaires Six SectionsThe ItemCronbachsAlpha ()Reliability ResultsSection 20.891GoodSection 30.840GoodSection 40.820GoodSection 50.805GoodSection 60.894GoodSection 70.883Good5.0 Data Analysis and Results5.1 Respondents Profile and Background InformationBased on the demographics and other personal background information obtained, out of 153 respondents 61.0 % were females. The most of the respondents were married 74 %. 36.4 % of the respondents were 41 to 50 years old and 30.5 % were 31 to 40 years old. Most of the respondents were Lecturers position 39.0 %, following by Senior Lecturers 26.0 %, Tutor 18.2 %, and Associate Professor 16.9 %. Table 2 below gives respondents demographic profileTable 2 Respondents Demographic ProfileRespondentsProfileClassificationFrequency%GenderMale6039Female9461StatusMarried11474Unmarried4026Age20-303321.431-404730.54 1-505636.4Above 501811.7DesignationTutor2818.2Lecturer6039.0Senior Lecturer4026.0Associate Professor2616.95.1.2 Availability of DevicesThe study (refer to 1) shows that 98 % of academics had Cell phone, 36 % PDA, 10 % Smart phone, and 2 % Pocket PC. The study also shows that there were more that 40 % of academics had more that one device, for instance, 33 % of academics had Cell phone and PDA device, 9 % of academics had Cell phone and Smart phone, and 3 % of academics had Cell phone, Smart phone and PDA in one time.5.1.3 Period in Using DeviceThe study (refer to 2) shows that 50.6 % of academics had Cell phone for more than 8 years, 30 % had Cell phone between 6 to 8 years, 13.6 % had Cell phone between 3 to 5 years, and 0.6 % had Cell phone less than one year. As well, it shows that 2.6 % of academics had Smart phone between 3 to 5 years, 5.2 % had Smart phone between 1 to 2 years, 2.0 % of academics had Smart phone less than one year. In addition, it shows that 3.2. % of academic s had PDA device between 6 to 8 years, 7.1 % of academics had PDA device between 3 to 5 years, 19.4 % had PDA device between 1 to 2 years, and 6.5 % of academics had PDA device less than one year. Finally, only three participants 2.0 % had Pocket PC between 1 to 2 years.5.1.4 Opinion about the PriceIn view of academics opinion about prices of devices, the general opinion was that Cell phones had reasonable price, were 77.8 % preferred that Cell phone had normal price and 22.8 % refer that Cell phone had low price. In addition, Smart phone, PDAs, and Pocket PC were considered costly price (for Smart phone 58.44 %, for PDAs 61.04 %, and for Pocket PC 64.94 %). Furthermore, a few academics had no opinion on the prices for smart phones, PDAs, and Pocket PC (for Smart phones 4 %, PDAs 5.19 %, and Pocket PC 2.60 %). 3 and shows the academics opinion about devices prices.5.1.5 The Usefulness and Effectiveness Role of Mobile Phone Technologies in the WorkThe study (refer to 4) shows that th e majority of respondents 97.4 % considered that mobile devices can play a useful and effective role in their daily work. While 0.6 % considered that mobile devices cannot play a useful and effective role in their daily work, and only 1.9 % were not sure about the usefulness and effectiveness of mobile device role in their work. These results indicate that academics had positive opinions regarding using mobile phone technologies in their work, and these results can support researchers opinion about the importance and usefulness of this study in IHLs environment, and to stand up to the factors that could help passing mobile phone technologies in IHLs.5.1.6 Connecting to Internet though Mobile Phone Technologies5 shows that the majority of respondents 75.3 % were connecting to internet though mobile phone technologies, and only 24.7 % were not connecting to internet through mobile phone technologies. As evidenced by various studies mentioned above, mobile phone technologies give oppor tunity to academics to connect to internet and to the world any time anywhere. In addition, mobile phone technologies could able to increase the range of personalized and customized communication, entertainment, relationship management and service function5.1.7 Academics Preferences of Mobile Phone FunctionsThe academics in this section were given a list of fifteen mobile phone functions and they had to choose one or more of these functions. The results are shown in table 3. Today mobile phone technologies provide a wide range of services. Among these services, a researcher can demonstrate browsing the Web, MMS, games, alarm/reminder, calling, listening to music, voice recorder, chatting, calendar, camera, phone book, SMS, sending e-mail, dictionary, audio file storage.According to the findings, 100 % of respondents preferred that the function of calling was the most important function, where 98 % preferred that the second important function was SMS. In addition, the findings show t hat the respondents who choose calendar were 79 %, camera 77 %, alarm/reminder 75 %, phone book 70 %, listening to music 61 %, browsing the Web 53 %, games and sending e-mail 42 %, MMS 41 %, voice recorder 38%, dictionary and audio file storage 29%, and chatting 21 %.Table 3 Academics Preference of Mobile Phone FunctionsNo.Mobile Phone Functions%1Calling100%2SMS98%3Calendar79%4Camera77%5Alarm/reminder75%6Phone book70%7Listening to music61%8Browsing the Web53%9Games42%10Sending e-mail42%11MMS41%12Voice recorder38%13Dictionary29%14Audio file storage29%15Chatting21%5.2 Attitudes towards the Use of Mobile Phone Technology in IHLsThe respondents were given a list of six items to assess their opinions and attitudes toward using mobile phone tec