Wednesday, November 27, 2019

THe Plight of the Vietcong Soldier essays

THe Plight of the Vietcong Soldier essays The general definition of the Vietcong is the fighting forces of the NLF (The National Liberation Front for South Vietnam.) It is short for Viet Nam Cong San, which loosely translates to Vietnam Communist. This term was not completely accurate as members of the Vietcong were not all Communists. Most were not Lao Dong members; many scarcely thought of themselves as political, at least in any ideological way. Our allies among the resistance veterans were also largely nationalist rather than political. But we also had Party activists among us, some open, some surreptitious. (Truong Nhu Tang, PG 68) This definition does not tell us who these people really were, or what they lived through. In the following report, I hope to give you a better understanding of just who the Vietcong were and what they were fighting for. When we hear the term Vietcong, we tend to think of guerillas hiding in the jungle. In reality, the Vietcong was composed of many more people than just the soldiers. The NLF supported and directed much of the Vietcong activities. The NLF itself consisted of people from all walks of life, from wealthy landowners, to bankers, doctors, professors, and peasants. There was little discrimination in the Vietcong; everyone willing to fight for the cause was welcomed. Men, women, young, and old, Communist Party members and those who had no real political affiliation. History of the NLF, Beginnings of Vietcong After years of suffering under colonialism, the Vietnamese yearned for a unified country and a solid government of their own that could govern the entire country fairly and protect all interests. The most recent political leaders had been either puppets held by the strings of a foreign power, or had been unable to garner support among the civilians and had eventually alienated many of the people. For anyone to truly understand where the Vietcong got their ingrained nationalism and loyalty, you would need t...

Role of Ministry of Health in Malaysia Essays

Role of Ministry of Health in Malaysia Essays Role of Ministry of Health in Malaysia Essay Role of Ministry of Health in Malaysia Essay The Ministry of Health’s role is basically to lay the policy and the direction of health services in the country and to show the commitment of the Government, and the powers-to-be, that health is of utmost importance in nation building. And the role of the ministry is to enforce regulations and be the regulator. Imagine if there is no Ministry of Health, anybody can make the claim that their product is the best for health; anybody can set up a hospital. Nobody to regulate the quality of the workforce involved the quality of healthcare, and the quality of equipment. So the Ministry of Health has a big role as a regulator and policy maker. The Ministry of Health, being the lead agency in health provides leadership on matters relating to health and also sets the direction for health care development in the country. During the Ninth Malaysia Plan period (2006 – 2010), efforts will be undertaken to consolidate health care services, enhance human resource development and optimize resource utilization. The Strategic Plan for Health is a summary of the Country Health Plan, which was developed for the Ninth Malaysia Plan (NMP). It is intended to be a quick reference for all programs, institutions and state departments under the Ministry of Health to ensure that all activities and resources are directed towards similar goals. Achieving the Ministry’s mission and goals will require sustained commitment. The plan will not only serve as a guide within the Ministry of Health, but will also provide a framework for other stakeholders to work together towards improving our health care system. Without doubt, Malaysia has one of the best health systems in the region. The recently released Country Health Plan: 9th Malaysia Plan 2006-2010 has detailed out the health plan for Malaysia. Much effort had been put into its development. It involved months of deliberations and serious thoughts. Multiple parties, both from within and outside the Ministry of Health, had come aboard to contribute to its contents. Many a supporting document had been scrutinized. The Strategic Plan presents the Country Health Plan at a glance. It is intended to be a guiding light, for all programs, institutions and state departments under the Ministry of Health, to ensure that no activity and resources go astray; that they are aligned along the same intended path. The health status of Malaysians has improved significantly since the nation achieved its independence in 1957. Despite such success, there remain issues and challenges that need to be addressed. These matters in question range from the evolvement of disease patterns to the administration of health services. As the custodian for health in the country, it is imperative that the Ministry of Health addresses these concerns in the interest of boosting the system which in turn will ensure the health of the people. The Ministry of Health shall give emphasis to the changing patterns of communicable as well as non-communicable diseases, including mental health. At the same time, it will persevere to provide universal coverage of healthcare services at affordable costs. Provision of quality of services and optimization of health resources, in the forms of human, financial, infrastructure and technological will be given priority, both in the public and private sectors. The Ministry of Health will also not overlook the marginalized population such as the underprivileged and elderly as well as those living in the remote parts of the country. At present, the Ministry of Health’s initiatives at reforming healthcare are in progress to support these efforts. Its feat at enriching the health status of Malaysia depends greatly on the promotion of wellbeing to individuals and communities. It shall rely on the awareness, conduct and use of research evidence to continually improve its performance to meet local and global demands. The areas of health care quality, tourism and informatics shall be strengthened to provide the Ministry of Health with the competitive edge on the international platform. The Ministry of Health’s vision for health is to make Malaysia as a nation of healthy individuals, families and communities, through a health system that is equitable, affordable, efficient, technologically appropriate, environmentally adaptable and consumer-friendly, with emphasis on quality, innovation, health promotion and respect for human dignity and which promotes individuals responsibility and community participation towards an enhanced quality of life. The Ministry of Health has a mission to build partnerships for health, to motivate and facilitate the people to fully attain their health potential, appreciate health as a valuable asset, and to take positive actions to further improve and sustain their health status. The Ministry of Health’s vision for the future and the strategic objectives are based on its corporate values that incorporate professionalism, teamwork and caring. The Ministry of Health has some strategic goals which are to prevent and reduce the burden of disease, enhance the healthcare delivery system, optimize resources, improve research and development, manage crisis and disasters effectively, and to strengthen the health information management system. Ministry of Health has some strategies. First, they want improve governance, and adoption of appropriate technology and service practices to empower individuals, families and communities towards attaining lifelong wellness. Second, they will develop skills and competencies to further reduce mortality and morbidity rates in furtherance of strengthening the quality of healthcare delivery. Third, they aim to establish effective business strategies to enhance organizational performance and the consumption of resources. Then, they will increase the use of evidence through research to support all levels of decision making. Other than that, Ministry of Health will elevate the level of preparedness in managing disasters and health-related crises effectively. And lastly, they will upgrade the standards of information and communication technology as well as health informatics to maintain sound health information management. The Ministry of Health is a vast organization comprising of different Programs and Divisions, with varying functions and responsibilities. These components have in turn formulated strategies to uphold the above strategies of the Ministry of Health. Reproductive medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems; goals include improving or maintaining reproductive health and allowing people to have children at a time of their choosing. It is founded on knowledge of reproductive anatomy, physiology, and endocrinology, and incorporates relevant aspects of molecular biology, biochemistry and pathology. In the assessment of patients imaging techniques, laboratory methods and surgery may be needed. Treatment methods include counseling, pharmacology, surgery, and other methods. Reproductive medicine addresses issues of sexual education, puberty, family planning, birth control, infertility, reproductive system disease (including sexually transmitted diseases) and sexual dysfunction. In women, reproductive medicine also covers menstruation, ovulation, pregnancy and menopause, as well as gynecologic disorders that affect fertility. The field cooperates with and overlaps to some degree with gynecology, obstetrics, urology, genitourinary medicine, medical endocrinology, pediatric endocrinology, genetics, and psychiatry. Reproductive rights are rights relating to reproduction and reproductive health. The World Health Organisation defines reproductive rights as follows: Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence. Reproductive rights is an umbrella terms that may include some or all of the following rights: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to control ones reproductive functions, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion, discrimination, and violence. Reproductive rights may also be understood to include education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections, and freedom from coerced sterilization and contraception, protection from gender-based practices such as female genital cutting, or FGC, and male genital mutilation, or MGM. Reproductive rights were first discussed as a subset of human rights at the United Nations 1968 International Conference on Human Rights. The sixteenth article of the Proclamation of Teheran states, Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children. In 1945, the UN Charter included the obligation to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without discrimination as to race, sex, language, or religion. However, the Charter did not define these rights. Three years later, the UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the first international legal document to delineate human rights. The UDHR does not mention reproductive rights, which were first recognised as a subset of human rights in the 1968 Proclamation of Teheran which review the progress made in the twenty years since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to formulate a programme for the future. The Proclamation of Teheran states: Parents have a basic right to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children and a right to adequate education and information in this respect. This right was adopted by the UN General Assembly in the 1974 Declaration on Social Progress and Development which states The family as a basic unit of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members, particularly children and youth, should be assisted and protected so that it may fully assume its responsibilities within the community. Parents have the exclusive right to determine freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children. The 1975 UN International Womens Year Conference echoed the Proclamation of Teheran. The United Nations Population Fund (UNPF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) advocate for reproductive rights with a primary emphasis on womens rights. In this respect the UN and WHO focus on a range of issues, including access to family planning services, sex education, menopause, and the reduction of obstetric fistula, to the relationship between reproductive health and economic status. The reproductive rights of women are advanced in the context of the right to freedom from discrimination and the social and economic status of women. The group Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN) explained the link in the following statement: â€Å"Control over reproduction is a basic need and a basic right for all women. Linked as it is to womens health and social status, as well as the powerful social structures of religion, state control and administrative inertia, and private profit, it is from the perspective of poor women that this right can best be understood and affirmed. Women know that childbearing is a social, not a purely personal, henomenon; nor do we deny that world population trends are likely to exert considerable pressure on resources and institutions by the end of this century. But our bodies have become a pawn in the struggles among states, religions, male heads of households, and private corporations. Programs that do not take the interests of women into account are unlikely to succeed † Attempts have been made to analyse the socioeconomic conditions that affect the realisation of a womans reproductive rights. The term reproductive justice has been used to describe these broader social and economic issues. Proponents of reproductive justice argue that while the right to legalized abortion and contraception applies to everyone, these choices are only meaningful to those with resources, and that there is a growing gap between access and affordability. Mens reproductive rights have been claimed by various organizations, both for issues of reproductive health, and other rights related to sexual reproduction. Three international issues in mens reproductive health are sexually transmitted disease STDs, cancer and exposure to toxins. Recently mens reproductive right with regards to paternity have become subject of debate in the U. S. The term Male abortion was coined by Melanie McCulley, a South Carolina attorney, in a 1998 article. The theory begins with the premise that when a woman becomes pregnant she has the option of abortion, adoption, or parenthood; it argues, in the context of legally recognized gender equality, that in the earliest stages of pregnancy the putative (alleged) father should have the right to relinquish all future parental rights and financial responsibility, leaving the informed mother with the same three options. In 2006, the National Center for Men brought a case in the US, Dubay v. Wells (dubbed by some Roe v. Wade for men), that argued that in the event of an unplanned pregnancy, when an unmarried woman informs a man that she is pregnant by him, he should have an opportunity to give up all paternity rights and responsibilities. Masculists argue that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women. In its dismissal of the case, the U. S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) stated that the Fourteenth Amendment does not deny to [the] State the power to treat different classes of persons in different ways. Reproductive rights are understood to include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence. In this respect compulsory or forced sterilization and abortion is understood as a violation of reproductive rights, particularly when they occur in the context of eugenics programs. The Eugenics movement in North America and Europe at the beginning of the 20th Century led to the widespread forced sterilization of vulnerable populations, including the mentally or physically disabled. In the case of mentally or physically disabled women proponents of compulsory sterilisation may argue that it is in the womens best interest. Forced sterilization and forced abortion has been recognise as crime against humanity if the action is part of a widespread or systematic practice by the Rome Statute Explanatory Memorandum, which defines the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. In recent years, reproductive issues constitute a major part of bioethical studies and discussions in most study centers of the world. No other ethical subject matter may elicit more heated controversy at all levels of society. This is not surprising, as reproduction constitutes the most private and intimate aspect of the life of individuals and consequently the most sensitive and fundamental concern of our society. In the past, abortion and sterilization were the foremost reproductive ethical issues which generated controversy and debate throughout the world. At present, topics of Assisted Reproduction and Prenatal Diagnosis have emerged as important reproductive ethical issues in the developed world. The philosophy of Assisted Reproduction or Assisted Procreation is often erroneously referred to as Artificial Reproduction. From a scientific viewpoint, there is nothing Artificial about this technology. Assisted Reproduction technology relies completely on the principles of normal anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, endocrinology and genetics of human reproduction. Since the birth of the worlds first test-tube baby, Louise Browne, in Manchester, United Kingdom in March 1978, there have been considerable developments in new technologies relating to the theme of Assisted Reproduction. We have In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT), Pronuclear Sperm Transfer (PROST), Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT) and Direct Intra-Peritonial Insemination (DIPI), all denoted by appropriate acronyms. The rapid development of these Assisted Reproduction procedures within the short span of a decade, has been made possible by numerous technological advances relating to sperm collection and preservation, ova maturation, collection and preservation, in-vitro fertilization procedures, embryo storage, embryo transfer, embryo donation, surrogate motherhood, and more important, to the reproductive endocrinological advances related to all these procedures. It must also be appreciated that for successful implementation of the research and clinical service aspects of the various facets of the new Assisted Reproduction technologies, there must be high quality ethical surveillance to safeguard the legal, religious and social norms prevailing within our society. Pioneer programmes especially those in developed countries already face the issues and problems created by rapid technological advancements outpacing existing medical laws. Doctors and scientists are now urgently seeking professional guidelines or new laws to ensure that rapid advances in research on human embryos do not progress into areas that may be considered repugnant by the community. Legal answers have yet to be formulated for many pertinent ethical questions. The controversial question of what should become of the remaining fertilized eggs (embryos) was debated in Vienna, Austria by the First International Congress of In-Vitro Fertilization in 1983. In view of the need for legal guidelines to regulate the development of in-vitro fertilization programmes, the United States Congress held several hearings on the various implications of artificial human reproduction. In Australia, France and the Netherlands, special committees have been set up to study all aspects of invitro fertilization. In the United Kingdom, the British Government acknowledged the report of the 16-member Warnock Commission of doctors, scientists, lawyers and lay persons which studied and made specific recommendations on this issue. To-date, there are no specific laws or regulations governing artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization in Malaysia, except for the Medical Act of 1971 on the rules and regulations of medical practice. However, the Indecent Advertisements Act 1953 (revised 1981) could have legal bearings on the publicity and activities of these procedures. Even though a Human Tissues Act of 1974 exists in Malaysia, there is no provision under this Act to effectively control the handling of embryos or human tissues under the invitro fertilization programme. The issues of in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (ET) involve more a question of medical and religious ethics. And these matters are usually dealt with by national medical and religious councils. In Malaysia, the various medical and religious councils and the Ministry of Health have to-date, not laid out any standard code of ethics, guidelines or legislation relating to such matters. Considering the benefits that Assisted Human Reproduction can confer on a significant proportion of subfertile couples, estimated at between 10 to 15 percent of married couples in Malaysia, the National Population and Family Development Board (NPFDB) of the Prime Ministers Department has taken the lead to undertake research into this new area of family development. And to formulate guidelines on such procedures and propose subsequently, to monitor the development and expansion of such centres and services in Malaysia. Various religious councils have given their full support in the preparation of Guidelines for the Assisted Human Reproduction Programme. Such modern technologies are welcomed in enabling married couples to fulfill their procreative responsibilities. The support is specifically given for procedures that involve legally married couples in stable union. That is, the biological and social parents of the child would also be the natural parents and that the child would be given all loving care. Reproduction as for the treatment of subfertility, which can enable some subfertile women to conceive and have their children within marriage. A publically assisted programme would carry this philosophy further by bringing down the cost of treatment and ensuring deserving but otherwise nonprivileged couples to have access to such medical innovations (optional). An IVF procedure costs between RM4000 RM6000 in a private centre in Malaysia whereas a public sector sponsored programme for example that at the NPFDB costs only half as much. Capital outlay for clinical and laboratory personnel, operation theatre and reproductive endocrinology set-ups are already available at Government institutions. Medical practitioners, scientists and other allied personnel are urged to cooperate and help formulate the national guide in order to promote family health and welfare in our country. Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional wellbeing or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individuals ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. The World Health Organization states that there is no one official definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how mental health is defined. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture. The recognition and understanding of mental disorders has changed over time and across cultures. Definitions, assessments, and classifications of mental disorders can vary, but guideline criterion listed in the ICD, DSM and other manuals are widely accepted by mental health professionals. Categories of diagnoses in these schemes may include dissociative disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders, developmental disorders, personality disorders, and many other categories. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause of mental disorders, although they are often explained in terms of a diathesis-stress model and biopsychosocial model. Mental disorders have been found to be common, with over a third of people in most countries reporting sufficient criteria at some point in their life. Mental health services may be based in hospitals or in the community. Mental health professionals diagnose individuals using different methodologies, often relying on case history and interview. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options, as well as supportive interventions. Treatment may be involuntary where legislation allows. Several movements campaign for changes to mental health services and attitudes, including the Consumer/Survivor Movement. There are widespread problems with stigma and discrimination. Three quarters of countries around the world have mental health legislation. Compulsory admission to mental health facilities (also known as Involuntary commitment or sectioning), is a controversial topic. From some points of view it can impinge on personal liberty and the right to choose, and carry the risk of abuse for political, social and other reasons; from other points of view, it can potentially prevent harm to self and others, and assist some people in attaining their right to healthcare when unable to decide in their own interests. All human-rights oriented mental health laws require proof of the presence of a mental disorder as defined by internationally accepted standards, but the type and severity of disorder that counts can vary in different jurisdictions. The two most often utilized grounds for involuntary admission are said to be serious likelihood of immediate or imminent danger to self or others, and the need for treatment. Applications for someone to be involuntarily admitted may usually come from a mental health practitioner, a family member, a close relative, or a guardian. Human-rights-oriented laws usually stipulate that independent medical practitioners or other accredited mental health practitioners must examine the patient separately and that there should be regular, time-bound review by an independent review body. An individual must be shown to lack the capacity to give or withhold informed consent (i. e. to understand treatment information and its implications). Proxy consent (also known as substituted decision-making) may be given to a personal representative, a family member or a legally appointed guardian, or patients may have been able to enact an advance directive as to how they wish to be treated. The right to supported decision-making may also be included in legislation. Involuntary treatment laws are increasingly extended to those living in the community, for example outpatient commitment laws (known by different names) are used in New Zealand, Australia, United Kingdom and most of the United States. The World Health Organization reports that in many instances national mental health legislation takes away the rights of persons with mental disorders rather than protecting rights, and is often outdated. In 1991, the United Nations adopted the Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care, which established minimum human rights standards of practice in the mental health field. In 2006 the UN formally agreed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of disabled people, including those with psychosocial disabilities. The term insanity, sometimes used colloquially as a synonym for mental illness, is often used technically as a legal term. In Malaysia, the Malaysian Medical Council has produced a guideline on Assisted Reproduction. The Malaysian Medical Council, with the objective of ensuring that registered medical practitioners are fully aware of the codes of professional medical practice, issues directives and guidelines from time to time. The purpose of these codes, guidelines and directives is to safeguard the patient and members of the public, to ensure propriety in professional practice and to prevent abuse of professional privileges. The Guidelines are designed to complement, and should be read in conjunction with, the Medical Act and Regulations, Code of Professional Conduct of the Malaysian Medical Council and other Guidelines issued by the Council or any related organisation, as well as any statute or statutory provisions in force and all related statutory instruments or orders made. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes a range of methods used to treat human sub-fertility, including in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer (ET), gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT), and all manipulative procedures involving gametes and embryos as well as treatment modalities to induce ovulation or spermatogenesis when used in conjunction with the above methods. The technology has been developed out of concern for individuals and couples who are unable to have children when they desire them. The very broad range of such desires inevitably raises numerous ethical dilemmas. Reproductive cloning is not allowed and commercial trading in gametes, semen or embryos is prohibited under this Guideline. Explanations of the various treatment modalities used in ART and the ethical viewpoints regarding each modality are also addressed in this Guideline. Assisted reproductive technology (ART): includes a range of methods used to circumvent human sub-fertility, including in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer (ET), gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT), all manipulative procedures involving gametes and embryos and treatment modalities to induce ovulation or spermatogenesis when used in conjunction with the above methods. The reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health†. These concepts include concern for individuals and couples who are unable to have children when they desire them. However, the above statement has also led to some controversial issue. For examples, a 60 year old woman may request to have assisted reproduction in order to achieve a pregnancy. A lesbia n couple may want to have a child. Although these rights may be viewed differently in different societies and communities, it is important for the medical community to consider these issues in the context of individual rights, societal concerns, the norms of the community and the legal framework of the country. Impaired fertility or sub-fertility may be due to a relative or absolute inability to conceive, or to repeated pregnancy wastage. It affects both men and women in approximately equal proportions, causing considerable personal suffering and disruption of family life. The best strategy of dealing with sub-fertility is its prevention. Although some cases of impaired fertility can be corrected by simple measures, others require complicated diagnostic procedures and treatment. An empathetic approach to individuals and couples who have subfertility problems is required. This includes an appreciation of cultural and social customs, the individual’s perception of sexuality, an understanding of the reproductive function and awareness of the aetiology and prevalence of sub-fertility in the community. Indeed sub-fertility is now accepted as a condition of poor health and there are tremendous social and mental effects on a couple that suffer from sub-fertility. The development of medically assisted conception to help couples with sub-fertility has brought new social, legal and ethical issues related to the management of sub-fertility. Medical practitioners should be fully cognizant of these issues whenever they are in a position to refer patients for treatment or whenever they themselves establish a centre for such activities. These issues involve respect for the dignity and integrity of the human being, protection of human genetic material so that it is not misused or used inappropriately without the donors consent and the need for quality of care. In drawing these recommendations, the following principles have been used as a guide which include first; the respect that is due to human life at all stages in its developments, second; the rights of people who are or may be sub-fertile and the proper consideration of their request for treatment, third; concern for the welfare of children, which cannot always be adequately protected by concern for the interests of adults involved, fourth; recognition of the benefits, both to individuals and to society which can from the responsible pursuit of medical and scientific knowledge, fifth; the sanctity of marriage and the importance of marriage prior to having children is a widely held belief by society in Malaysia, and lastly; the difficulty of forcing potential patients to prove their marital status and maintaining constant checks on the same must be realized as a practical difficulty for medical practitioners. Be that as it may, in this country, assisted reproduction techniques must onl y be offered to married couples. For the principles for quality of care, the practitioner should have an effective system for monitoring and assessing laboratory and clinical practice to ensure that both the procedures and outcomes are analysed and can be shown to be satisfactory on independent assessment. All persons undergoing ART should be adequately tested for transmittable diseases before procedures are performed on them. Detailed records must be maintained and be easily retrievable. The practitioner must maintain accurate record keeping and labeling in respect of gametes and embryos, and he should ensure that proper standards are maintained in storage and handling of gametes and embryos. There should be an effective monitoring system to ensure high standards of security wherever gametes and embryos are handled and stored. Records should enable authorized staff to trace what happens to an individual embryo, oocyte or sperm sample from the date of collection. Centres are responsible for ensuring that standards of quality and security of genetic material are maintained, wherever the material happens to be on the premises. This includes material being transferred from the laboratory for treatment or preparation for treatment. If gametes or embryos are transferred from one site to another, adequate arrangements should also be made to protect their quality and security. Controversies on the use of stored embryos have raised legal disputes, particularly when the couple involved have since separated, divorced or one member has deceased or with disagreement by the next of kin. It is therefore important that information on such matters should be included when taking informed documented consent at the time of initial in-vitro fertilization. The patients generally have the right to give or withhold consent to examination and treatment. No ART treatment should be given to any couple without their written consent to that particular treatment which must be clearly explained to them, including success rates and complications. In the course of the discussion, the following aspects must also be brought up, considered and, where appropriate, consent obtained. Consent must be obtained from couples for the use of genetic material for treatment as well as possibly for research; the latter, however, is still not permitted in Malaysia. The decision and consent whether couples who have had successful assisted reproduction would like either disposal or further storage of genetic material should also be obtained. While couples have the right to determine the period of storage of the genetic material, they must be made aware of the period of maximum statutory period of . ve (5) years, which may be extended to ten (10) years if approved by the relevant authority, at the present this being the Ministry of Health. The couple must also agree that in the event of them getting separated, divorced or one of them becoming deceased, one or the other (next of kin in the case of the deceased) cannot use the stored gametes. The gametes will then be destroyed. Gametes or embryos which have been exposed to a material risk of contamination, which might cause harm to recipients or to any resulting children, should not be used for treatment. The practitioner and the treated couple should agree upon the number of embryos transferred, informed consent documents completed and the information recorded in the clinical record. Multiple gestation is an unintended result of assisted reproduction techniques. Multiple gestation leads to an increased risk of complications in both the fetuses and mother. It would be unethical for the individual practitioner not to generate his or her own data regarding patient characteristics, outcomes and number of embryos transferred in order to minimize these complications. In blastocyst transfer procedure, the embryos are allowed to grow beyond the typical 2-3 days of culture and are allowed to develop to the blastocyst stage before they are transferred to the womb. A higher pregnancy rate is thought to result. There are no ethical objections to this practice as it uses the natural progression of embryo growth. Assisted hatching is a procedure to help in zona pellucida thinning and thus in implantation. This procedure does not alter the progression of embryo growth and therefore there are no ethical objections to this procedure. Eggs, embryos and sperms are donated to treat human sub-fertility in others with the help of assisted reproductive procedures, provided the unethical and prohibited factors, as listed in Section 15, are adhered to. The religious and cultural sensitivities of the patient and the medical practitioner involved in ART procedures should be taken into consideration before embarking on these procedures. There should be no selection of the sex of embryos for social or personal reasons. Sex selection is, however, allowed if a particular sex predisposes to a serious genetic condition e. g. haemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fragile X syndrome, etc. Excessive multi-fetal gestation should be minimized by careful induction of ovulation and restriction of numbers of embryo transferred. If despite these measures, more than 3 fetuses are gestated, fetal reduction may be considered if the prospect of fetal viability is compromised or if the health or life of the mother is threatened. Patients should be counselled extensively and informed consent obtained if the procedure is to be performed. A couple undergoing ART should be asked for instruction concerning the storage and disposal of embryos, as discussed under Consent. The termination of the development of a human embryo and the disposal of the remaining materials are sensitive and delicate issues. The practitioner should take full account of this. Specific instruction concerning storage and disposal of embryos must be asked of the couple and informed consent duly obtained. When an embryo is no longer to be kept for treatment, the practitioner should decide how it is to be allowed to perish, and what is to happen to the perished material. The procedure should be sensitively devised and described, and should be communicated to the people for whom the embryo was being stored. Controversies on the use of stored gametes have raised legal disputes, particularly when the couple involved have since separated, divorced or one member has deceased (with disagreement by the next of kin). In such instances, the stored gametes cannot be used independently by either one of the parties involved. It is therefore important that information on such matters should be included when taking consent at the time of initial invitro fertilization, as indicated above. In a surrogate arrangement a women agrees to becomes pregnant and bear a child for another person/persons and to surrender it at birth. The above practice is not acceptable to most of the major religions in this country. Such a surrogate pregnancy can also potentially lead to many legal dilemmas for the persons involved. Cryo-preservation can be used to store sperm. The sperm can be thawed and used for arti. cial insemination or in-vitro fertilisation. The sperm can be stored for future use especially in patients about to undergo chemotherapy. Sperm can also be retrieved from the epididymis or testes in those with blockage of the vas deferens. Proper procedures must be in place for the identfication of sperm specimens. The use of donor semen should be guided primarily by medical needs and the religious sensitivities of the couple and the medical practitioner involved. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (pgd) is a procedure involves genetic testing and selection of embryos produced by in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Once an embryo is created using IVF techniques, a cell is removed from the embryo after about three days and tested for specfic genetic abnormalities. Usually healthy embryos will be transferred to the mother’s womb and embryos with the abnormality will be destroyed. At present PGD is used mainly for the diagnosis of many diseases and to determine the sex of the embryo to avoid the transmission of severe sex-linked disease. Some have attempted to select embryos free of genetic disease but of the same tissue type as an existing ill child in order to harvest their umbilical cord blood for transplantation to the affected sibling. As there is no worldwide agreement as to when human life begins or when it acquires moral signi. cance, there is no agreement on the moral status of an embryo2. Nor is there any agreement as to whether discarding an embryo with a genetic disorder, prior to implantation, is the equivalent of an abortion. At present, it is best that PGD be used for only severe and life threatening genetic diseases. It would be unethical to analyse and select the inherited characteristics of embryos (e. g. intelligence, height, hair and eye colour); any social or psychological characteristics or any other condition which is not associated with disability or a serious medical condition. There are some prohibited and unacceptable practices which includes no research or experimentation shall be performed using any human oocyte and/or sperms without the explicit consent of the donors and approval of the appropriate authority. At the present time, such research or experimentation is not permitted in Malaysia. The following practices are ethically unacceptable and are prohibited under this Guideline which are first; developing embryos for purpose others than for their use in an approved ART programme. Second, culturing of an embryo in vitro for more than 14 (fourteen) days. Human oocyte fertilized with human sperms should not be cultured in-vitro for more than 14 days (excluding any period of storage at low temperature). Under no circumstances shall research be carried out on or using human embryos which are more than 14 days old from the date of conception or the appearance of the primitive streak, whichever is the earlier, except with the explicit approval of the authorizing authority, which is at present the Ministry of Health. Third, experimentation with the intent to produce two or more genetically identical individuals, including development of human embryonal stem cell lines with the aim of producing clones of individuals. Fourth, under no circumstances should embryo splitting with the intention of increasing the number of embryos for transfer be allowed. Fifth, using fetal gametes for fertilisation. Sixth, mixing of human and animal gametes to produce hybrid embryos. There shall be no attempt at trans-species fertilization. Seventh, mixing of gametes or embryos of difference parental origin so as to confuse the biological parentage of the conceptus. Eighth, placing an embryo in a body cavity other than the human female reproductive tract. Under no circumstances should a human embryo be placed in the uterus of another species for gestation. Ninth, under no circumstances should the nucleus of a cell of an embryo be replaced with a nucleus of a cell of another person, another embryo or a subsequent development of an embryo. Tenth, under no circumstances should the genetic structure of any cell be altered while it forms part of an embryo. Other than that, embryo flushing, commercial trading in gametes, semen or embryos, pre-implantation diagnosis to create â€Å"designer babies† (those with specfic physical, social or specfic gender characteristics and not for the reason of avoiding serious medical illnesses), the use in ART treatment programmes of gametes or embryos harvested from cadavers and the use of ART in unmarried couples are also prohibited. There is no mention regarding the policies of reproductive medicine among mental health patient. We believe that the application of policy is similar regardless of mental patient or normal patient.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

How to Handle Medical School Application Rejection

How to Handle Medical School Application Rejection Most applications to medical school get rejected. Its a hard, unhappy fact. When applying to medical school, you need to accept this possibility and make a contingency plan in case your application isnt accepted. The best advice is  to apply early. If at all possible, take the April MCAT and get the AMCAS application completed before summer starts or at least before August starts. If you wait until August to take the MCAT for the first time, your application will be delayed until the scores are available. The entering class may have already been selected before your application is completed! An early application may improve your chances of admission. At the very least, an earlier decision will help you plan for the following year. Rejection Letter If you get a rejection letter, follow these steps: Call or visit the Office of Admissions and ask if you can have an Admissions Counselor review your application and give you advice for improving it for the next application cycle. Be courteous and grateful. Follow the advice! Review your own application and make notes of ways to improve it.Take your application to your pre-med advisor or other academic advisor and ask him or her to review the application and suggest a way to improve it.Take some action that will show improvement in next years application. If you get an interview next year, expect to be asked what you did all year to help you on your career path. Work hard so that you can have a great answer to this question! Improving An Application These are common means of improving an application: Get higher MCAT scores. Remember, a school sees your most recent scores, which may not necessarily be your highest scores. If you are pleased with your scores, dont retake the test unless you are confident you can improve them. Get more experience. If you were granted an interview, you probably came away with a sense of how the interviewer perceived your experience. If at all possible, build upon your past experiences. You may seek employment in the medical field.Consider taking more college courses, particularly upper-level courses in the sciences. These additional courses could raise your grade point average and will help reinforce concepts. Look critically at the writing on your application and make it even better on the new application.Think hard about the letters of recommendation used for your application. If you waived your right to review these letters, are you 100% positive the letters were glowing recommendations? Were the letters written by respected sources? You need new letters for the new application, so make sure your letters are great. If you have any doubt about the quality of the letters on the rejected application (an Admissions Counselor might clue you in about this), consider not waiving your right to review the letters for the new application cycle. If you dont get accepted to medical school, you need to re-evaluate your desire to become a physician, as well as your aptitude and skills. A lot of rejected applicants never reapply. Those who take steps to improve their applications and then reapply greatly improve their chances of success. Admission Committees like to see perseverance! Getting a rejection letter is disheartening, yes, but how you handle failure is your choice.

Cultural Miscommunication essays

Cultural Miscommunication essays America is a country that was founded on diversity. People from all over come to America and become part of the melting pot we call home. Unfortunately, with this blending there are often misunderstandings between cultures. One area that is often misunderstood between different cultures is humor. I have lived in Orange County for five years and over that entire span I have worked in restaurants. In every restaurant I have worked in or been a patron of there have been Mexican men working as the cooks. When I first started working in restaurants I found that the front of house staff (servers, managers) tended to keep to themselves and the back of the house staff (cooks, dishwashers) did as well. Well after awhile at the last place I worked, I began to try to start bridging the gap between the two cultures. I started trying to talk to the cooks at the restaurant because I knew that most of them knew a good deal of English. After a couple of weeks I started expressing my s! ense of humor by teasing them and others that we worked with. Im not sure if making fun of people you are fond of is an American trait or a universal one but we all laughed most of the time so I stuck with what worked. My friends and I would tease each other as one of our ways of entertaining ourselves. Humor in general, certainly is a universal connection-maker. Making those connections isnt always as easy as it seems. In trying to befriend the head cook Juan at my work one night I found out that what is socially acceptable for one to joke about is strongly defined by your culture. One night about three hours into my shift on a slow night myself and another Caucasian male server were in the kitchen at my work. We had been talking to some of the cooks all night and joking around with them. We tossed minor insults back and fourth trying to make each other laugh. Later into the night the cooks started to make jokes that were homosexual in...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Questions answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions answers - Essay Example However, Saint Exupery’s ideals are not easy to translate into architecture because buildings are built only once and cannot be corrected much after building, unlike airplanes that have prototypes. Saint Exupery contends that achievement of perfection comes when there is naught left to take away, not add. The principles he refers to are execution and concept. This involves first attaining the right idea then getting this idea right. This aids the architect in achieving a desirable and brilliant result. History is related to the design process because since, even in the past, man has been involved in creating objects and buildings that attempt to achieve perfection and simplicity. Objects that follow these principles include airplanes fuselages that attempt to fuse as one ships’ keels, and pieces of furniture. Saint Exupery’s view of the process involves experimentation carried out by generations of craftsmen to attain an element of purity and perfection. He contends that perfection is attained when nothing can be taken away from the structure, rather than when there is, nothing left to add. Perfection is a deductive process, according to saint Exupery. Paul Valery in Eupalinos is true. He claims that, in the city, there are buildings that mute, some that speak, and some that speak. He goes on to claim that this is so because of the builder’s talent. Example of a structure that is mute is the Great Wall of China, which was built in portions by peasants. Buildings that sing include Saint Peter’s basilica, whose dome was created by the most talented Michelangelo. All the philosophers concur on architecture’s pursuit of perfection. However, while the architects are in agreement on the importance of the philosopher’s thoughts on modeling and drafting, the architects believe that the most crucial stage is planning, rather than the

Federal Reserve Presentation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federal Reserve Presentation - Research Paper Example 1.3 As the regulator for the nation’s banking and payments systems, the Fed makes rules for safe business practices by banks and other financial companies. These rules include the minimum cash reserves that a bank must maintain in proportion to the deposits with it. The Federal Reserve lends money to banks for maintaining these reserves or accepts deposits from them when they have excess money. The Fed also ensures that financial securities sold in the market are safe for the customer. The Federal Reserve has a Board of Governors based in Washington, DC, with a Chairman and 6 other members appointed to staggered 14 year terms. The Fed operates through 12 Reserve Banks that cover all 50 states. Each Reserve Bank has a Board made up of bankers, business people and members of the public and conduct all the activities described in (1) above. Five of the 12 Reserve Bank presidents together with the 7 governors of the Federal Reserve make up the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) which has the responsibility for key decisions such as interest rates, monetary policy and the buying and selling of treasury securities. The activities of the FOMC are reviewed by US Congress Committee on Banking and Financial Services. The Federal Reserve’s monetary policy affects prices, employment and economic growth by influencing the availability and cost of money and credit in the US economy. This cost influences the consumer’s willingness to spend money on goods and services. The three tools used by the FOMC for determining the cost of money are open market operations, the discount rate and the reserve requirements (FRBSF, 2013). Open market operations are used primarily to control money supply in the banking system. This is done by selling government securities to banks to reduce money supply or buying from them to increase liquidity. As a result of the disruptions caused by the 2008 global financial crisis, the Fed, invoking the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Integration of the Individual in the Community and Home in Hawthornes Essay

Integration of the Individual in the Community and Home in Hawthornes Roger Malvins Burial and Andersons Mother - Essay Example There are still others who are at odds with the value system of their community and have chosen to be silent outsiders who may have only physical presence in the group. Yet, another type is the rebel who is at loggerheads with the values any systems of the community. Others have realized the futility of the existence of a community to which he or she belongs and may be out to reform it. The possibilities of the patterns of individual's integration to community are many and the study is targeted to examining the integrations of the individual in the community and home in Hawthorne's Roger Nathaniel Hawthorne's works are passionately taken up with moral problems of sin, punishment and atonement. His knowledge of the history of his own ancestors perhaps goaded him to explore these themes of guilt. The 17th century persecutions of the Quakers and the witchcraft trials of Salem troubled him. The insight of Hawthorne into the motivations of behavior and the guilt and anxiety in his characters are the legacy of the past sins to humanity. Hawthorne deliberately manipulated historical data and churned out the moral concerns behind them. The truth of human heart remains a mystery in his characters and his ambivalent approach to what is good and bad, is far ahead of his times. If Hawthorne was obsessed with ethical dilemmas in his works, Anderson Sherwood was concerned with mundane problems that affected the fortunes of the ordinary people. The machine age took away the human factor from work. This dehumanized the American work place in a way. Apart from that, it also threatened the very existence of the workers. In a world of competition many values were lost and in the ruthless drive for individual attainment human beings lost sight of the social and family dimension of their existence. Roger Malvil's Burial, when examined in the backdrop social dimension of man existing in a society reveals that concealment can cut off a person from the social communion with his community and family. Early Christian religious practices insisted on public penances for serious sins. Sin was not merely a matter between God and man; it has a social dimension and hidden crimes can cut him off from society and finally unhinge him. Hidden crimes often produce abnormal behavior in the sinner. Hawthorne in Roger Malvil's Burial reveals that even an apparently harmless act if hidden out of fear, can affect social integration of the individual with the community and family. To him crime itself was not so monstrous as the concealment of it. Roger Malvin's Burial may be called an overture to his grand exploration of this theme in The Scarlet Letter. During military operations, a soldier may have to leave his dying comrade. In such a situation, Reuben is forced to leave his friend, Malvin to di e, as there was no other option for him. However, he had agreed to come and bury him later, after his own wounds are healed. Nevertheless, he lacks the courage to tell Dorcas, who is the daughter of Malvin and his future wife, the fact that her father did not receive a burial in the wilderness. Not burying a fellow soldier in combat conditions is not even a venial sin. However, the hiding of it to his wife and thus to his community prevents him from fulfilling a simple but important social and religious

International management - Ethics - Moral relativism vs moral Essay

International management - Ethics - Moral relativism vs moral universalism - Essay Example This analysis starts with a brief description of the debate between moral relativism and moral universalism. The second section presents an analysis of the case, which is Google in China, in terms of its connection to the ethics debate. Particularly, the analysis tries to determine whether China’s Internet censorship approach is universalistic or relativistic, and, more importantly, whether Google’s response to the impenetrability of China’s culture and ideals reflects a universalistic or relativistic model of morality. Overview of the Moral Relativism and Moral Universalism Debate Moral relativism is the view that moral standards are particular or distinct to culture and personal judgments. It argues that a universal moral standard does not exist. On the other hand, moral universalism argues that morality is valid universally, irrespective of gender, race, religion, culture, nationality, or other unique attributes; in the debate, Universalists claim that moralit y have been concretely delineated in different international agreements and declarations whereas relativists relate to distinct cultural viewpoints (McDonald, 2010). The various morality theories are generated by various view of morality. These theories have built divisions and barriers in human society. The influence of these moral views on people’s lives is considerable. It affects the moral attitude and behavior of individuals. Hence, there are dilemmas of ethical conflicts and double moral standards. Individuals are not certain of the form of morality they should conform to, either moral universalism or moral relativism. This predicament is continuously experienced by Google in their operation in China. Moral relativism, in business, usually becomes traditional morality and unethical decisions are usually defended on the theory of ‘commonly accepted practice’ (McDonald, 2010, 451). A number of scholars in international business have been distrustful of circum stances where moral relativism has been employed as a kind of ‘moral sanctuary’ (McDonald, 2010, 451). For instance, companies may have carried out a decision which generally would be viewed as unethical but have asserted that the decision is ethical, or reasonable, since it falls within a particular cluster of moral norms promoted by the society where in they are in service. In reaction to this argument, which basically reinforces the arguments that deeds are impervious to common moral standards because they originate from a particular set of standards or codes that surpass general norms, Roberts (1986 as cited in McDonald, 2010) has argued that, because of the intricacies of international business, there is a certain extent of excuse for companies demanding immunity from moral censure by sheltering behind premises of moral relativism, particularly because of their need to make room for diverse cultural situations. Unsurprisingly, this argument is controversial. It may be appealing to refuse to believe that there are universal principles that can provide direction to those whose trade has to be carried out on a global arena. Maybe, multinational business firms should recognize and applaud relativism as a principle and proclaim itself in support of an ethic of conduct that is situational, domestic, and local. The strength of relativism in international

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Leadership of General George S. Patton Essay Example for Free

Leadership of General George S. Patton Essay Leadership of General George S. Patton by Eugene V. Struzik III May 23, 2011 Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to explore the different leadership styles that General George S. Patton Jr. used throughout his life, (November 11, 1885 until December 21, 1945). General Patton is often thought of as one of the most controversial generals in history. This paper will concentrate on events that happened in his life and how his determination, will and hard work helped him overcome and became a better leader. It is evident that in a review of the research General Patton was able to achieve many his success by determination and hard work to be the best in everything that he set his mind to accomplish. He was never happy, except when he was given the challenge of commanding men into battle. General Patton was a leader, a warrior and the most feared General by the Germans. General George S. Patton was a man who is often referred to as a great general, and leader of men who was equally just as controversial. His career in the Army was often a struggle for him to advance and receive the recognition that he deserved. This paper will cover the leadership styles of General Patton during the early, then during World War I. Next it will cover World War II and finally I will give my opinion on the subject. George S. Patton, who was sometime called Georgie, was an average child with the hopes and dreams of becoming a great military leader like his Grandfather, Great-Grandfather and many of his other relatives (Regan, 1960). He worked hard with his academic career to tried to get into West Point the United States Military Academy, but he was not accepted at first. Not deterred by this set back, he went to Virginia Military Institute (VMI) for a year (Reda, 2004). Even though he was going to VMI, he continued tirelessly to get accepted into West Point. Finally Patton was accepted into West Point, but he found it far more challenging then he imagined it would. The major reason that he had difficulty with the studies was because he was suffering from dyslexia, a disorder that caused everything to look backwards (Reda, 2004). Although faced with these difficulties, George never gave up, even when he was forced to repeat his plebe year, due to poor academic performance. However this failure to progress only strengthened his resolve and determination to better. In an effort of almost memorizing everything from his textbooks, he was able to achieve an appointed Cadet Adjutant. Another area that he had an interest in was sports. He encourage the introduction of sports into the school as a way for men to stay focused on studies as appose to getting in trouble (Regan, 1960). His efforts lead to the creation of the first football team and the fencing team. He felt that sport would help him and his classmate overcome the boredom of every day life at West point. In addition, it would help them overcome physical challenges through determination and it would teach them sportsmanship. In an amazing testament to hard work and preservation, George Patton graduated from West Point. Although he did not graduate at the top of his class, he was ranked number 46 out of 103, which is amazing considering the fact that he failed his first year in the Academy. He was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant and assigned to the US Calvery. It was also during this time in Pattons life that he would marry his beautiful and wealthy wife, Beatrice Ayer. Her father was not fond of her marring a military man, because he felt that this would keep his daughter far away from her family. In fact her father, Frederick Ayer, offered George a job in the family business if he would just resign his commission in the Army. However, that was not something that George Patton, was able to do. He was living his dream of being an officer in the United States Army. Georges determination and hard work would reach a high point when he participated in the 1912 Olympics. Although George was not a natural athlete, he simply did what he always did work twice as hard as everyone else in an effort to be better than everyone else. It was his will and his desire to be the best that propelled him into getting fifth place during the Olympics. This raw determination to achieve a goal and accomplish the task ahead would become his trademark. Once again George Pattons determination and desire to excel paid off. Lieutenant Patton was able to get a position as an aide to General Blackjack Pershing during the Punitive Expedition. The interesting thing about this appointment was General Pershing was not taking people to his staff. In fact, it was a letter that Lieutenant Patton wrote to General Pershing requesting to be considered for an appointment to the Generals staff that gave George the opportunity of a lifetime. Here he would learn what it took to be a good Calvary Officer and he would make important contact that would serve him well in the future. This leads into the second main point of this paper, which is Patton emerging into a leader. It is 1917, and the United States has just declared war on Germany. Patton got another chance to serve under General Blackjack Pershing. Pershing gave Patton a promotion to the rank of Captain and appointed him the Tank commander for the American troops. This was not an easy task for Captain Patton, since he had to develop a training program, and tactics for the new technological advancement of the tank. This was Pattons first leadership challenge that would set the tone for how he dealt with all of the other challenges in his life. He was the first tank commander (Reagan, 1960), with this job he took on the daunting task of creating the first Tank Command in Europe. Patton single-handedly created the, the AEF Tank Training Center. He created the, the ideas, the tactics, the design, the uniforms, the procedures. Virtually, everything that was done came from Patton (Reda, 2004). Patton realized the need for training and the benefit that he would get on the battle field. Drawing from his own experience, Patton viewed the tank as the calvary of the future. It would be during this First World War that he would develop many of his leadership skills. As was pointed out by Captain VonShell, Instill a sense of security in the men, by so doing you will help them overcome their fears (1933, p. 17). Patton exemplified this behavior, by being the first person to ride on a tank for in combat even though there was machine gun fire raining down on him (Reda,

Debate & MySpace Essay Example for Free

Debate MySpace Essay The motion here today is that Social networking sites can actually cause more harm than good. We do not however deny the fact that in today’s society, these social networking sites do bring benefits to our daily life and also in the ever growing business industry. For example, it helps us connect with our loved ones who are halfway round the globe, or even a marketing platform for business developers with its vast consumer reach. On the other hand, what we are affirming today is that despite it upsides, it can bring about MORE harm than good. It is an increasingly untenable fact, especially with the ease of access to the internet to virtually anyone, that these social media can have more negative effects than good. This is Veronica, she will be speaking about the negative effects that it will bring to our health and financial fraud. Secondly, Hema will elaborate further the effects on business risk and personal risk. Thirdly, Nazrul will touch on the topic of productivity and cyber-criminal activities. Last but not least, Joshua will briefly wrap up about this debate. This is a 5-round debate, and we look forward to challenging our opponent in this controversial topic. Social networking sites are websites that facilitate communication between 2 or more individuals. When we are communicating with 2 or more individuals, many fail to realise that we are essentially putting out information on ourselves out there on the World Wide Web. There are obviously a lot of privacy issues at hand when this happens. Im certain that the opposition will argue that we have control of what we share over the internet, and we can prevent these issues from happening. Even if we are very careful on what information we share, we still cannot prevent all forms of privacy violation  from happening. An article on The Guardian UK states that Facebook users are unwittingly revealing intimate secrets including their sexual orientation, drug use or political beliefs. A research shows that just by looking at a user’s Like activities, they can predict information about the user. Researchers are able to predict a users characteristics, race, religion, beliefs and political views with up to an accuracy rate of a shocking 88%. Even if we do put in controls, data on these sites are still accessible to anyone, especially those with expertise in the IT arena. A student from the University of Georgia is suing her university of $2 million dollar over the misuse of her Facebook picture. The University have pulled out a picture of her in a bikini from her social media account for a district-wide presentation campaign raising awareness on what not to do on social media. Incidentally, this student has set her privacy settings to only allow her friends to view her pictures. These examples here gives a fair indication of how our personal information can be accessed by almost anyone regardless of the measures that we took to protect our information. And if the opposition party would like to argue that it is the user’s decision NOT to put anything on the social sites, then I think that it would be considered as NOT USING these social media sites in any case, and as such, would be irrelevant to the topic of today. Another issue that I would like to address today is Cyber Bullying. Cyber bullying is a very serious problem because it’s very harmful to younger generation psychologically and also physically. Most bullies don’t think about what they say or do have an enormous effect on others. A very famous case sparked the attention of many people to realize that cyber bullying does have a very negative effect. The case of Amanda Todd shocked the world as she posted a video before committing suicide. In the black white video, Amanda tells the world her story of years of bullying. I now would like to pass on to my fellow colleague who will go on to the second point. Cyber Bullying Amanda Todd http://www.abc4.com/content/news/top_stories/story/Girl-Commits-Suicide-After-Being-Cyber-Bullied/qIO2h9LBhUaCEB_3oQlbzg.cspx Jessica Laney http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/social-media-blamed-teen-suicide-article-1.1218550 Eden Wormer http://abcnews.go.com/US/bullied-teen-commits-suicide-posting-loves-haterz/story?id=15887174 http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/mar/11/facebook-users-reveal-intimate-secrets http://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/student-sues-school-district-for-using-her-facebook-bikini-picture-in-school-wide-presentation/ http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/selfies-damage-relationships-study-article-1.1424830 http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/internet-is-bad-for-kids-mental-health-237178.html In Wake Of Teen Suicides, Ask.fm Faces A Myspace Problem

Friday, November 15, 2019

Civil Liberties Essay -- essays research papers

As Benjamin Franklin once said â€Å"A people who would trade liberty for security deserve neither†. I totally agree in that we as the people of the United States should not ask for greater safety at the price of liberty. I feel that the government does not have the power to limit our First Amendment rights. The people of this country hold the power and politicians are merely their puppets. These leaders can ask for all kinds of authority during a time like this but all it would take is a string backlash from the public for them to back down. What is it about a time like this that renders these rights so unnecessary? People fought incredibly hard and gave their lives for these standards and for us to discard them at a time like this is disgraceful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These rights w...

The Ruined Maid by Thomas Hardy and Cousin Kate by Christina Rosetti Es

The Ruined Maid by Thomas Hardy and Cousin Kate by Christina Rosetti The poems that I studied are 'The Ruined Maid' by Thomas Hardy and 'Cousin Kate' by Christina Rosetti. 'The Ruined Maid' was published in 1901, and 'Cousin Kate' in 1879. These poems were both written in Victorian times, and they both reflect the attitudes towards women at the time. At the beginning of the Victorian period women's powers were extremely limited; they could not control their own money and were very much under the control of men. Among the few respectable jobs available to women were teaching and taking in embroidery, but these were poorly paid. The attitude towards women at this time was extremely patronizing. Women had not yet been given suffrage: As they could not vote, they had little power and little choice. In the light of these attitudes the poems will be analysed to show how they reflect the Victorian women of the time. The poem 'The Ruined Maid' is about a woman who used to be a country maiden, who was 'tired of digging potatoes and spudding up docks', so has become a prostitute. This poem satirizes the Victorian view of prostitutes as doomed and ruined women, and suggests that they may in fact be happy and refined. 'Melia, 'The Ruined Maid' in the poem, has met an old friend 'in town' and now that she has become ruined she seems to be far better off than she was before. 'Melia left her home 'in tatters, without shoes or socks' and now she has 'gay bracelets and bright feathers'. Since her ruin 'Melia has also improved her language. "At home in the barton you said 'thee' and 'thou' and 'thik oon' and 'theà ¤s oon' and 't'other'; but now your ... ... in society. This tone is conveyed by the use of positive language such as, my 'dear', wearing 'fair garments', such 'prosperity', she has 'gay bracelets' and 'a delicate cheek' and is 'pretty lively' now that she is ruined. In 'Cousin Kate', Kate has all of the material things that 'The Ruined Maid' wants, but in 'The Ruined Maid', 'Melia has all of the material things that the country maiden wants. The poem that best represents the women of the time is 'Cousin Kate' which, coincidentally, is written by a woman. Although Thomas Hardy is more understanding and respectful towards women in his novels, this poem, 'The Ruined Maid', displays a totally different attitude towards Victorian women. Of the two poems I prefer 'Cousin Kate' because it is a more typical and realistic portrayal of the life of a ruined maid.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Lifestyle – Then and Now

Lifestyle is the way a person lives. The human body and mind have adequately adapted to their changing lifestyle. Many factors have affected the lifestyle of a person – technology, health, environment, culture, society, etc. One of the biggest changes that affected mankind has been the discovery of fire and the wheel. Many years and discoveries later, it was the invention of electricity. Due to electricity, technology developed. Technology has changed all the fields such as – warfare, agriculture, transportation – air, sea and land travel, , manufacturing, medicine, communication, information, etc.With the advancement of the human race, many new inventions and discoveries were added to the ever growing list. But along with the advantages, it brought some disadvantages as well. Earlier people had more interaction with each other. There was no TV or computer to distract them. They were able to spend time with each other and they were more relaxed. The TV and the co mputer have become a kind of addiction for most of the people now and they find it hard to stop using it. Now most of the time both the parents would be working long hours and there is no time for them to be with their family.They are stressed out most of the time and are too tired to talk even when they get some free time. In earlier days not many people had a car. There might be one car in the whole neighbourhood. It was something that only the rich could afford. Most people used the public transport or walked if they wanted to go somewhere. Walking was a part of life and not considered to be a great task. Many people lived as joint families in large houses with many children, aunts, uncles, and other relatives.There was always someone to talk to, someone to share the household chores with, etc. With the advancement of technology, nuclear families have emerged. It has brought with it more independence for the individual but more loneliness as well. All in all, lifestyle has change d significantly from the days of the early caveman to the present day technology savvy man. There have been both positive and negative changes that have happened. In the years ahead, many more changes will still take place. The human race will continue to adapt and evolve to embrace these changes.

Jehovah’s Witness Study Notes

Jehovah's Witnesses was first started by Charles Taze Russel in Pittsburgh around 1870. What led Charles Russel to first start the denomination was when he tried to convert an atheist to Christianity and ended up being converted instead, not to atheism but to agnosticism. Important Religious Beliefs Witnesses rely on the authority of the Bible when they live their day to day life. They believe that the bible is a gift from God that tells humans about what God is like, how to cope with problems, and how to please God. Jehovah’s Witnesses affirm full inspiration of the bible by God and the preservation if its copies over the centuries. Jehovah’s Witness have a special translation if the Bible called the New World Translation Witness believe in only one God. They stress the fact that God has revealed his personal name to humanity, which is Jehovah. Jehovah, in the book, has a spirit body and lives in heaven, but sees all things. While Christians believe that Jesus was â€Å"fully God, fully man†, Witnesses teach that Jesus was not God, but God’s first official creation. Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that that they: Teach the truth about God, provide a model of a perfect life for people to follow, and he sacrificed his life to set humans free from sin and that his crucifixion was not on a cross but a upright stake. Customs and Practices Jehovah’s Witnesses baptize those of age who have made a decision to join the faith. Baptism is done by full entrance in water. After one is Baptized they are to include regular attendance at Kingdom Hall meetings and evangelism. Witnessing and Evangelism is the most know to other religions, it is done door-to-door. Witnesses who are employed full time (and are known as Kingdom publishers) devote 100 hours each month to witnessing. Paid employees of the Watchtower Society who are expected to spend about 150 hours per month on evangelism. Jehovah’s Witnesses hold religions services in buildings called Kingdom Halls (could be rented). There are no crosses displayed inside or outside the Kingdom Hall. Holy Books Jehovah’s Witness have a special translation if the Bible called the New World Translation. The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, there are six volumes between 1950 and 1960. Membership Today Since 1995 the Watchtower society have quickly become less encouraging. Similarities and Differences Both religions believe in only one God and both live lives that are guided by a book, the bible. Differences include that Witnesses must advertise their practice and attend meetings 3 times a weeks, while Catholics are free to live the lives they feel are best suited for them.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Pet Peeve Essay

Frankly I have a rather extensive list of pet peeves. Either that or I have a very low tolerance for many things. One of my biggest annoyances however, happens to be something that I quite enjoy as well. To be in a relationship, for example, is my biggest pet peeve. Not so much being in a relationship, but all that pursues during and after this bond. Don’t let me be misunderstood, though I hate to be in a relationship, it has its perks but that’s a different matter. To be in a committed relationship does require the fundamental regulation that you must stay, exclusively, with this person alone. This I have no issue with, however I am not in favor of someone or anyone thinking of me as ‘theirs’ similar to how their property is theirs. I will stride by ones side, not be a mere possession to just tag along. I am my own person and infatuated or not I will never forget it. I assume it’s safe to say that my peeve isn’t necessarily relationships, but noticeably terrible relationships. When I am stuck in a bad relationship and I’m aware of the matter, there is no greater infuriation in my opinion. Standing idly aside and watching your days will with irritations and anger. Not anger towards the other person but to oneself for doing nothing to terminate or aid the situation. My days were filled with complete nothing and had no one to blame but myself. These bonds should be founded upon mutual acceptance of one another. Shared trust is bestowed within each other alongside the love and affection you can’t do without. If perchance I feel that I am not receiving all of these aspects it truly ticks me off. Why then should I obligate myself to one whom does not do so to me? I loathe if I am truly giving all my effort in return of minimal to no effort at all. Eventually this person resolves to none other than taking me for granted. Overlook me for something of superior importance or higher significance. My worth will be eternally forgotten and what I had endured this far is in vain. Day to day obstacles will prove too problematic to stomach sooner or later. Seems as if everyone and everything wants this unappreciated association to come to an end just as much as I do. Temptations are the work of the devil himself and never fail to win the eyes of an interested morsel of a man. For the saying goes, â€Å"You always want what you want until you have it.† Or perhaps I’ve said it myself. His wondering eyes will have me on the verge of insanity with rambunctious assumptions and obsessive suspicions. I hate if they mistake my praise for license and suppose they have every right to demand of me, to order me around. What’s more is that you better treat me like a princess if you have the audacity to order me like a slave. All these dreadful features in a relationship lead to sever trust issues, dishonestly within each other, and far more shadiness. You incorporate all of this in a couple and believe me this is a tie bound to fall apart from the loose ends in. In conclusion, perhaps I should stop dating, or genuinely try to have a functional relationship. Maybe I shouldn’t give up at the first sure sign of trouble and help fix it once again before it’s too late to fix. My pet peeves are being stuck in a dreadful relationship and that I don’t have the nerve to do something about it.

Pricing Strategies of Hyundai

1 March 2006 Immediate Release Hyundai Launches Family Pricing Strategy and Standardises Parts Prices The cost of owning and servicing a Hyundai has never been cheaper for Kiwi motorists from this week. Hyundai Automotive New Zealand has announced a revolutionary new parts policy that will see genuine part prices across Hyundai’s model range standardised, and in many cases becoming considerably cheaper. Known as the Family Pricing Strategy, the policy sees the price of regular maintenance genuine Hyundai parts standardised across models, and is the first step toward standardised service costs. Surveys by Hyundai revealed the company already had competitively priced genuine parts, having similar prices to the aftermarket competitors and in many cases beating them. Hyundai New Zealand Aftermarket Manager Peter Tolley said getting the company’s spare parts aligned across the model range was the first part of the company’s strategy to keep ownership costs as low as possible for all Hyundai vehicles. It would also ensure customers have the reassurance of genuine Hyundai parts which come with a 12 month, 20,000km warranty. The â€Å"grey†parts market is a worldwide problem for the motor industry because many parts are substandard and unsafe. To combat this Hyundai Motor Company has been keen to get involved in this local initiative. â€Å"Working closely with Hyundai Motor Company and its suppliers has meant that we are able to offer some substantial reductions in pricing to benefit the New Zealand consumer,† stated Mr Tolley. â€Å"We expected customers to benefit from some substantial parts savings, particularly on the larger vehicles such as Terracan, Santa Fe and the new Grandeur† said Mr Tolley. You will see genuine components like front brake pads drop from anything up to $253 each down to $85 under the Family Pricing Strategy. Simple components like oil filters on our petrol engines will drop from up to $38 down to $15. 75. These savings are genuine, long term and will lead into very competitive servicing costs for our customers. † Mr Tolley said Hyundai was going to g reater lengths than any other vehicle manufacturer with this new pricing strategy. Low ownership costs with Hyundai were already almost a given, due to the extremely high level of quality and reliability in new Hyundai vehicles, said Peter Tolley. Surveys such as the prestigious JD Power Vehicle Quality survey rated the Hyundai Sonata as one of the world’s top three reliable cars in 2005. The US based Total Quality Index survey confirmed the Hyundai Tucson as the world’s highest quality small SUV for 2005. The results come from polling a massive 40,000 buyers of models throughout the USA. With results like this backed up by competitive parts pricing, New Zealanders can be sure they will see Hyundai as an extremely good value, high quality, low cost vehicle for many years to come. † â€Å"Putting it simply, we are confident that over a complete ownership cycle, no car will show a better â€Å"complete cost of ownership† than a Hyundai. † This has already been shown to be the case with Hyundai’s Getz, which in 2005, won the Be st Small Car Award in the annual Australia’s Best Cars awards scoring the top ‘well above average’ ranking for among other things, Pricing, Running & Repair Costs and Warranty.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Communisim in the 1950s essays

Communisim in the 1950s essays Thesis: The "Red Scare" of the 1950's caused a massive movement for the people of that time period. IV. Leaders in the movement-McCarthy C. Comparisons between the Fifties and now America: Land of the free, and the home of the brave. This famous expression has been used numerous times throughout history, even scoring a line in our country's national anthem. But in our high-tech socety, many Americans can not even understand what our forefathers went through to achieve this American dream. People do not even grasp the concept of what it has taken to keep the freedom of this country ringing. Place youself in the footsteps of the average American of the 1950's, dealing with the Russian threat of communist rule and the fear of being taken over an opposite world power. Post World War II struggles make it hard for anyone to get by, and each coming day leads to another unpredictable twist for the country in which you reside. The powerful threat of communisim, which came to be known as the "Red Scare," is the basis of all of the nation's problems. This "Red Scare" of the 1950's was a powerful, radical, and controversial issue for nearly everyone in that time period, and what's more is the propaganda that was used to sell communist leadership to the American people, who were deathly afraid of what the future might hold. This Red Scare lasted throughout the Fifties and beyond. The Fabulous Fifties... well, were they really so fabulous, after all? First of all, for total understanding of the Red Scare of the fifties, one must become acquainted with the term communisim. Communisim can be defined as: a type of government in which a small group of leaders dictates a country or nation by distributing goods and money equally among the country's citizens (Webster's, 1994). As of today, nations such as Russia and China are run by communist authority. Although this system of...

60556-65372 Essays - Graphic Design, Adobe Photoshop, Free Essays

60556-65372 Essays - Graphic Design, Adobe Photoshop, Free Essays 60556-65372 Digital Design Digital Collage using Photoshop MYP - Year 3 - Grade 8 Student Name: Ali Alkhaja Grade: 8 ( s ) Intro to Photoshop: Photoshop is an extremely powerful tool and also the industry-standard in creating and modifying graphics. With all its power and features, Photoshop can seem very daunting, yet Photoshop does an excellent job of putting you in control and making it easy to have all these tools at your fingertips and keep you feeling you're in control. Eventually, once you know what Photoshop can do, and how to achieve certain results, you can feel like you can do anything. Other times, you may get results that were entirely not what you imagined, but better. Photoshop is a tool that you can play around with and create amazing results, without even meaning to. This introduction will get you familiar with the basics of Photoshop and the more commonly used tools. Digital Collage: is a form of creating collages using digital tools such as Photoshop. In this project, we will choose themes to reect our feelings on certain situations in our time and lives, and create a digital collage using Photo shop that reflects these theme and we will create a simple collage in Photoshop using a combination of essential Photoshop techniques. Creating a collage is one of those things that Photoshop can do with effortless ease. The only real hard work is in deciding what images to use The Task Open the image Copy the background Create a new layer Use the rectangular marquee tool Fill it with white colour Select modify contract 10 Use the eraser to delete the inside fill colour deselect Edit transform distort Layer mask Inverse the colour (black foreground) Use the brush to delete the white edges. Use magic wand tool and select the outer image right click to inverse the selection new layer inverse the colours (black -background) fill-in the selection with black put layer2 under layer1 Use the move tool to move the black selected area outside the frame appropriately. use blur tool to smoothen the edges or you may use filter blur box blur create another copy of the background upon layer2 hide layers: background and copy1 of background add layer mask to copy2 of the background Use the brush and delete all outside the picture frame. Show the hidden layers again. select copy2 of the background and create a new channel mixer adjustment layer black and white move background copy2 above the channel mixer 1081405266700 Required Skills: How to Warp Text How to Create Type Along a Vector Path How to Use Quick Selection and the Magic Wand Working With the Marquee Tools How to Organize Layers into Groups Introduction to the Layers Panel How to Adjust Hue and Saturation How to Use the Camera Raw Adjustment Brush Dodge and Burn Using a Gradient Render Filter Fog Effects and Lens Flairs A: Inquiring and Analyzing: explains and justifies the need for a solution to a problem Develops a design brief, which presents the analysis of relevant research. Distinguish between vector drawings and bitmap images (known as raster also). Explain why we need add a new layer in each step . Acknowledge your sources appropriately. Attach your Digital Collage Bitmap (or raster) images are stored as a series of tiny dots called pixels. Each pixel is actually a very small square that is assigned a color, and then arranged in a pattern to form the image. When you zoom in on a bitmap image you can see the individual pixels that make up that image. Bitmap graphics can be edited by erasing or changing the color of individual pixels using a program such as Adobe Photoshop. Unlike bitmaps, vector images are not based on pixel patterns, but instead use mathematical formulas to draw lines and curves that can be combined to create an image from geometric objects such as circles and polygons. Vector images are edited by manipulating the lines and curves that make up the image using a program such as Adobe Illustrator. They are important because they allow you to modify your image, add text, change colors, put two pictures on the same page, etc. without

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The use of sexuality and gender in advertisements a close up of US advertisements and their effects on adolescents

The use of sexuality and gender in advertisements a close up of US advertisements and their effects on adolescents Introduction The media fraternity has perfected the art of promoting products. Through this, some advertisements are premeditated to associate the goods and services with feelings of desire emanating from imaginations based on sexuality or gender.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The use of sexuality and gender in advertisements: a close up of US advertisements and their effects on adolescents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is noteworthy that advertisers take advantage of the consumers’ gender distinctiveness to escalate the sale of certain products. It is notable that companies, which seek to acquire market leadership and competitiveness, conduct promotional activities. Therefore, the use of gender and sexuality is one of the strategies of creating adverts aimed at gaining market leadership. Gender is a socio – cultural construction in every society and advertisers have applied it in the p ortrayal of differences between males and females. These portrayals include among others identity, disposition, social ideals, typecasts of masculinity and womanliness, and the sexuality related roles (Spade and Catherine 281). Furthermore, advertisers apply sexuality differences between males and females to promote products. The advertisers normally attempt to show the sexuality of men or women in such products. They have also achieved greater results by showing the sexuality of celebrities in the promotional activities. In the United States, the application of sexuality and gender variances in product promotion is a multibillion-dollar industry. However, advertisers seem to have turned a deaf ear on the effects of gendered and sexualised adverts among adolescents. This paper discusses the use of sexuality and genders in commercials to show the effects of such adverts on adolescents in the US. Sexuality and Gender in Advertisements Advertisers have developed massive experience in c ommercials. Depending on whether their target clients’ in the marketplace are males or females, advertisers normally develop their adverts to suit them. It is notable that men and women have different preferences for colour (MacKinnon 215). Therefore, advertisers can package their commercials in such a way to target their potential clients with gendered and sexuality appropriate messages using colours. Labelling people as being either male or female present strong cultural and ideological connotations, which advertisers exploit in making appropriate adverts (MacKinnon 215). Marketers apply information-generated form these labels to influence the behaviour of men or women towards others. Furthermore, such information may be used to develop commercials that influence self-behaviour or needs. Therefore, the use of gender and sexuality in promotional activities influences men and women to buy advertised products. They buy such products to enhance their masculinity and femininity respectively (William, Stephen and Sut 138).Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advertising agencies continuously communicate gendered messages to escalate sales of products. The advertisers portray men as more independent than women. They also portray men as providers in households by depicting the as they engage in different occupations. On the other hand, some advertisers portray women as homemakers and home carers (Davis 187). Therefore, the men would more likely feature in alcohol commercials, sports utility cars, and corporate management among others. The women normally feature in commercials depicting the use of domestic items. The advertisers also depict the sexuality of men and women perversely. They have shown their nudity and naked bodies differently. The products such as women bras and underwear depict their sexuality (Greenberg, Clint, and Sarah 323). On the other hand, men’s underwear worn on athletic bodies and bare chest also shows their strength and brevity. The increasing self-consciousness among men presently makes them less concerned about appearing attractive to others but to enhance their fitness and health. Marketers use such aspirations to create necessities and wants while also developing products to satisfy the needs (Greenberg, Clint, and Sarah 323). In the case of women, advertisers have negatively taken advantage of their weaknesses including lack of autonomy to sway their decisions. Effects of Sexuality and Gender in Advertisements on Adolescents There is rising apprehension about adolescents’ exposure to sexuality and gender commercials in televisions, print media, and other electronic sources. The concerns entail the potential impacts such adverts can have on their personality, sexuality, beliefs, and manners (Gruber and Grube 214). Indeed, research indicates that the adverts generate sexuality and gender stereotypes, which affects adolescents (Napoli and Murgolo-Poore 61). The researchers agree that youngsters are exposed to diverse sensual images and messages advertisements intended for adults but which eventually affect adolescents. Advertisements showing men enjoying alcoholic drinks and the presence of women affect the way adolescents utilize such images. Youths use media to get information regarding sex, sexuality, drugs use, and relationships among others (Gruber and Grube 215).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The use of sexuality and gender in advertisements: a close up of US advertisements and their effects on adolescents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The adolescents’ exposure to advertisements with sexual content potentially influences their sexuality development. This has escalated the rate of pregnancies and Sexually Transmitted Diseases among adolescent America girls. It is nota ble that many advertisements in the US both in print and electronic media contain sexual imagery watched by young people. The advertisements have increased the way they show sexual category appeals and sensual objectification (Pardun and Roberts 134). Presently, many of such adverts contain implied sexual interactions, fervent caressing and depicting provision of gifts in relationships as a norm. Young Americans who watch such adverts may develop interests of achieving similar outcomes (Bradshaw 129). Sexuality and gender-based commercials have influenced crucial issues about the lives of adolescents. The commercials may sway career planning, cherished relationships, romance choice making, and attitudes essential to child bearing and parenthood (Jamieson and Daniel 153). Furthermore, some adolescents making greater efforts to adhere to gender roles labels may develop mental health predicaments. The problems may arise from pressure among adolescents to fit within the societal norms a nd expectations. This may lead to substance intake, risky sexual encounters, and neglect of self-care responsibilities (Jamieson and Daniel 154). The advertisements have also affected the ideologies associated with teenage gender roles. Watching television commercials also influence sexism ideologies among teenagers. Sexuality and gender commercials have also influenced the actual behaviour of adolescents positively. It is notable that most adverts that portray males and females as liberated and confident have enhanced personality development among teenagers (Jamieson and Daniel 154). Indeed, some youngsters have developed into more confident, forward-looking, and morally upright because of watching individuals associated with certain products in the commercials (Jamieson and Daniel 154). Conclusion In summary, the use of sexuality and gender in promotional activities has made the advertising mass communication appear pervasive. The advertisements are intended to educate consumers a bout certain products in the marketplace in order to escalate sales. However, some commercials that contain explicit content have surpassed the intention escalating sales to influence cultural views and individuals’ personality development. The stereotypes associated with some advertisements have depicted men and women differently. Particularly, bigot and stereotypical commercials present undesirable outcomes among adolescents. The advertisements have encouraged sexuality and substance abuse indulgence in adolescents.Advertising Looking for research paper on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the positive side, the application of sexuality and gender to portray men and men as professionals in diverse sectors has affected adolescents objectively. Adolescents have been able to plan their career and develop their personality positively out of media influence. Bradshaw, Joe. African American Young Adults Perceptions of the Ideal Mate for Long-term Romantic Relationships and Short-term Sexual Relationships. New York, NY: ProQuest, 2008. Print. Davis, Simone. Living Up to the Ads: Gender Fictions of the 1920s. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Print. Greenberg, Jerrold, Clint, Bruess, and Sarah, Conklin. Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 2011. Print. Gruber, Enid, and Grube, Joel. â€Å"Adolescent sexuality and the media a review of current knowledge and implications.† Western Journal of Medicine. 172(3) (2000): 210–214. Web. Jamieson, Patrick, and Daniel Romer. The Changing Portrayal of Adolescents in the Media since 1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print. MacKinnon, Kenneth. Representing Men: Maleness and Masculinity in the Media. London: Arnold, 2003. Print. Napoli, Julie, and Murgolo-Poore, Marie. â€Å"Female Gender Images in Adolescent Magazine Advertising.† Australasian Marketing Journal. 1(1) (2003): 60 – 69. Web. Pardun, Carol, and Roberts, Kathy. Sexual Content of Television Commercials Watched by Early Adolescents. 2005. Web. Spade, Joan, and Catherine, Valentine. The Kaleidoscope of Gender: Prisms, Patterns, and Possibilities. California, CA: Sage Publications, 2008. Print. William, Leiss, Stephen, Kline, and Sut, Jhally. Social Communication in Advertising: Persons, Products, and Images of Well-being. New York, NY: Routledge, 2003. Print.